APUSH Jacksonian Democracy

1824

In the electron of ____, no one won a majority of electoral votes, so the House of Representatives had to decide among Adams, Jackson, and Clay (and Crawford). Adams won after corrupt bargain.

Corrupt Bargain

Refers to the claim from the supporters of Andrew Jackson that John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay had worked out a deal to ensure that Adams was elected President by the House of Representatives in 1824.

John Quincy Adams

Won the presidency in 1824 after the "corrupt bargain." Sixth president of the United States. Appointed Henry Clay as his Secretary of State. During his presidency the National Republicans were formed in support of him.

Andrew Jackson

The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans. As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, strongly supported the "common man," and increased the presidential powers.

Jacksonian Democracy

The idea of spreading political power to the people and ensuring majority rule as well as supporting the "common man"

Indian Removal Act

Removed indians from southern states and put them on reservations in the Midwest (1830)

Cherokee v. Georgia

Case in which the Cherokees argued that they were a seperate nation and therefore not under Georgia's jurisdiction. Marshall said they were not, but rather had "special status" and could not sue in a United States court over Georgia's voiding their right to self-rule.

Worcester v. Georgia

Supreme Court case in which it was decided that Cherokee Indians were entitled to federal protection from the actions of state governments which would infringe on the tribe's sovereignty - Jackson ignored it (let Marshall enforce it)

Peggy Eaton Affair

Scandal that involved Jackson's Secretary of War Eaton and his wife, Peggy, the daughter of a boardinghouse keeper. Jackson supported Peggy while she was the source of malicious gossip because his wife had once been in a similar situation. Many cabinet members resigned as a consequence of this.

Kitchen Cabinet

Jackson's group of unofficial advisors consisting of newspaper editors and Democratic leaders that met to discuss current issues. Jackson used them more than his official Cabinet.

Spoils System

Key to Jacksonian Democracy. People use to generally stay in office even after their party left. Jackson distributed federal jobs to his supporters. People who used to be in office left or were kicked out. "Reward supporters, because common man can do any job."

Nullification Crisis

Southerners declared federal protective tariffs null and void, Jackson responded with Force bill and suggested compromising over tariff; John C Calhoun was a big advocate

John Calhoun

Jackson's once vice president who supported S. Carolina/ the Southerners during the Nullification crisis.

Tariff of 1828 (Abominations)

A high tariff on imports that benefited the industrial North while forcing Southerners to pay higher prices on manufactured goods. Ended up causing the Nullification crisis.

Tariff of 1832

Lowered the tax from the Tariff of Abomination's tax but the tax was still to high for S. Carolinians

War on the Bank

Jackson thought the Bank favored the elite and was undemocratic because it limited the common people's access to loans. Clay and Webster pushed to renew the bank's charter while Jackson pushed to get rid of the bank. This event became an issue in the election of 1832, which Jackson won. The bank was then voted to be rechartered, but Jackson vetoed it.

Pet Banks

A term used by Jackson's opponents to describe the state banks that the federal government used for new revenue deposits in an attempt to destroy the Second Bank of the United States; the practice continued after the charter for the Second Bank expired in 1836.

Nicholas Biddle

President of the Second Bank of the United States; he struggled to keep the bank functioning when President Jackson tried to destroy it. Called in loans in an attempt to save the bank which helped cause the crash of the real estate market.

Specie Circular

Jackon's order that required payment in gold/silver in order to buy land since gold/silver actually had value. This signified the growing economic problems which would result in the panic of 1837.

Panic of 1837

When Jackson was president, many state banks received government money that had been withdrawn from the Bank of the U.S. These banks issued paper money and financed wild speculation, especially in federal lands. Biddle also called in loans for the National Bank which caused a real estate crash. It became worse when Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. Many state banks collapsed as a result. A panic ensued.

Webster-Hayne Debate

U.S. Senate debate of January 1830 between Daniel Webster of Massachusetts and Robert Hayne of South Carolina over nullification and states' rights. Debate was over compact theory - Government is a creation of the states.

American Industrial Revolution

Reached America by 1800s and boomed after the Civil War (1861-1865). Economy became more based around factory system, improved transportation (Erie Canal) helped reduce movement prices. Increased immigration from Ireland (potato famine) and Germany brought workers and an increased population. Women's rights, higher education, public education, and other ideas of individual rights became more prominent. Groundwork for social commerce came from two important court cases. People felt safer to invest.

Gibbons v. Ogden

Court case in which Ogden was granted a steamboat monopoly by New York and federal government gave Gibbons right to operate one of his own. Conflict between state monopoly and federal power. Court ruled that federal government was supreme. Established the federal government's rights to regulate interstate commerce.

Lowell Labor System

A system which focused on the employment of young women to make textiles for low wages. Women lived in dorms near the factory and were provided with domestic affairs classes and religious classes/services which gave them a social purpose. Also sent money home to help their families on farms.

Dartmouth College v. Woodward

Case in which New Hampshire attempted to take over Dartmouth College by revising its colonial charter. The Court ruled that the charter was protected under the contract clause of the U. S. Constitution. States cannot impair the obligation of contracts.

Mass Production

The production of large quantities of a standardized article. This came to America with the factory system and industrial revolution.

Interchangeable Parts

Identical components that can be used in place of one another in standardized manufacturing. Helped production increase in America.

Robert Fulton

Inventor of the steamboat (clermont). Got a monopoly for a steamboat transport service. Steamboats allowed people to go upriver and lowered transportation costs, connected farmers to markets.

Eli Whitney

American inventor who developed the cotton gin. Also contributed to the concept of interchangeable parts that were exactly alike and easily assembled or exchanged

Samuel Slater

British mechanic who "stole" the plans of British machinery and came to America. Partnered with Moses Brown to create one of the first great textile mills in US. Known as father of American Industrialization. Ended up owning around 13 mills.

Corporations

Businesses that are owned by many investors who buy shares of stock. Became major part of American Economy.

Emerson and Thoreau

Two influential transcendentalist American writers who stressed self-reliance and inner worth, rejected industrialism/materialism. These feeling were typical of many Americans and came into being in response to the industrial revolution.

Walden

Book written by Thoreau in which he wrote about his experiences while living alone on Walden Pond. Many Americans wanted to mimic this lifestyle.

Transcendentalists

Followers of a belief which stressed self-reliance, self- culture, self-discipline, and that knowledge transcends instead of coming by reason. They promoted the belief of individualism and caused an array of humanitarian reforms. Influenced social reforms in America. Many people liked this because they wanted to get back in touch with nature.

Dorothea Dix

Rights activist on behalf of mentally ill patients - created first wave of US mental asylums

Seneca Falls Convention

An 1848 meeting in upper New York at which leaders of the women's rights movement called for equal rights for women.

Declaration of Sentiments

The Seneca Falls Convention issued this as a model of the Declaration of Independence that fought for women's rights rather than American independence.

Horace Mann

Education reformer who started public education funded by towns and states. Education used to be done by mothers in the home. It turned to the hands of the government.

Susan B. Anthony

Leader of woman suffrage movement, who helped to define the movement's goals and beliefs and to lead its actions

Elizabeth Stanton

Organized Seneca Falls Convention, founded (with Anthony) National Women Suffrage Organization

Second Great Awakening

A 19th century religious movement in which individual responsibility for seeking salvation was emphasized, along with the need for personal and social improvement. People wanted to get back into emotion and feeling during Industrial revolution.

Joseph Smith

He was responsible for forming the Mormon sect of Christianity. This new sect was an American one and not European in origin as with all the other sects.

Treaty of New Echota

Treaty which signed over Cherokee lands for money. It was signed and supported by a minority led mainly by Mayor Ridge. Was the legal means for Jackson to force out the Cherokee.

Mayor Ridge

Influential Cherokee man who led a minority in the tribe and signed the Treaty of New Echota.

John Ross

Cherokee chief who fought Indian Removal. Went to congress and court but failed to keep lands.

Oregon Trail

Mainly used by people who wanted to do fur trapping or missionary work with Indians. Increased population in Oregon.

Abolitionists

People who believed in the ending of slavery. Had to do with Transcendentalism and individual rights.

Lone Star Rebellion

Sam Houston was the leader. A revolt against the Mexican government. Texas became independent but after being annexed, border disputes led to war with Mexico.

Fletcher v. Peck

Prohibited Georgia from voiding contracts for the transfer of land, even though they were secured through bribery.

Suffrage

_______ was extended to non property-owning white males in Jacksonian Democracy.

Henry Clay

John Quincy Adams supposedly offered him the Secretary of State job for his support in the election of 1824. Pushed for a bill to recharter the national bank early. Lost to Jackson in 1832 in run for presidency.

Shakers

The followers of Mother Ann Lee, who preached a religion of strict celibacy and communal living. Fought for social equality

Temperance

The ending of the sale/use of alcohol, fought for by Christian groups.