Archaeology and Ancient History

1. archaeology /ˌɑːrkiˈɒlədʒi/

Khảo cổ học; ngành nghiên cứu quá khứ thông qua di tích và hiện vật. Example: Archaeology helps us understand ancient civilizations.

2. artifact /ˈɑːrtɪfækt/

Hiện vật; đồ vật do con người cổ đại tạo ra. Example: The museum displays ancient artifacts.

3. ruin /ˈruːɪn/

Tàn tích; phần còn sót lại của công trình cổ. Example: They explored the temple ruins.

4. excavation /ˌekskəˈveɪʃn/

Cuộc khai quật; hoạt động đào bới tìm di tích. Example: The excavation lasted three months.

5. fossil /ˈfɒsl/

Hóa thạch; dấu tích sinh vật cổ. Example: A dinosaur fossil was found.

6. relic /ˈrelɪk/

Di vật; vật cổ quý hiếm. Example: This relic is over 2,000 years old.

7. monument /ˈmɒnjumənt/

Đài kỷ niệm, công trình cổ. Example: The monument honors ancient kings.

8. civilization /ˌsɪvəlaɪˈzeɪʃn/

Nền văn minh; xã hội phát triển cổ đại. Example: Egypt was an ancient civilization.

9. dynasty /ˈdɪnəsti/

Triều đại; dòng vua cai trị. Example: The Tang dynasty was powerful.

10. empire /ˈempaɪər/

Đế chế; lãnh thổ rộng lớn do một vua cai trị. Example: Rome was a great empire.

11. temple /ˈtempl/

Đền thờ cổ. Example: They visited an ancient temple.

12. tomb /tuːm/

Lăng mộ; nơi chôn cất. Example: The tomb belonged to a pharaoh.

13. pyramid /ˈpɪrəmɪd/

Kim tự tháp; công trình cổ Ai Cập. Example: The pyramid is thousands of years old.

14. inscription /ɪnˈskrɪpʃn/

Chữ khắc; văn bản khắc trên đá/kim loại. Example: The inscription tells a story.

15. manuscript /ˈmænjuskrɪpt/

Bản thảo cổ viết tay. Example: The manuscript is very fragile.

16. pottery /ˈpɒtəri/

Đồ gốm cổ. Example: Pottery pieces were uncovered.

17. tool /tuːl/

Công cụ cổ. Example: Stone tools were found.

18. weapon /ˈwepən/

Vũ khí cổ. Example: The warrior’s weapon was displayed.

19. burial site /ˈberiəl saɪt/

Khu chôn cất cổ. Example: The burial site was protected.

20. settlement /ˈsetlmənt/

Khu định cư cổ. Example: The settlement was near a river.

21. scroll /skrəʊl/

Cuộn giấy cổ. Example: The scroll contained prayers.

22. coinage /ˈkɔɪnɪdʒ/

Tiền cổ. Example: Roman coinage was discovered.

23. architecture /ˈɑːrkɪtektʃər/

Kiến trúc cổ. Example: The architecture is impressive.

24. hierarchy /ˈhaɪərɑːrki/

Hệ thống thứ bậc xã hội. Example: They studied social hierarchy.

25. mythology /mɪˈθɒlədʒi/

Thần thoại cổ. Example: Greek mythology is famous.

26. ritual /ˈrɪtʃuəl/

Nghi lễ cổ. Example: The ritual honored the gods.

27. heritage /ˈherɪtɪdʒ/

Di sản. Example: We must protect cultural heritage.

28. chronicle /ˈkrɒnɪkl/

Biên niên sử. Example: The chronicle records wars.

29. sarcophagus /sɑːrˈkɒfəɡəs/

Quan tài đá. Example: The mummy lay in a sarcophagus.

30. amphitheater /ˈæmfɪθɪətər/

Đấu trường cổ. Example: The amphitheater hosted games.

31. ancient /ˈeɪnʃənt/

Cổ xưa. Example: They studied ancient cultures.

32. prehistoric /ˌpriːhɪˈstɒrɪk/

Tiền sử. Example: Prehistoric tools were found.

33. sacred /ˈseɪkrɪd/

Linh thiêng. Example: This was a sacred place.

34. buried /ˈberɪd/

Bị chôn vùi. Example: The city was buried by sand.

35. mysterious /mɪˈstɪəriəs/

Bí ẩn. Example: The tomb is mysterious.

36. monumental /ˌmɒnjuˈmentl/

Hùng vĩ, to lớn. Example: They saw monumental ruins.

37. ceremonial /ˌserɪˈməʊniəl/

Thuộc nghi lễ. Example: Ceremonial masks were used.

38. primitive /ˈprɪmɪtɪv/

Nguyên thủy. Example: Primitive tools were simple.

39. preserved /prɪˈzɜːvd/

Được bảo tồn. Example: The bones are well preserved.

40. legendary /ˈledʒəndri/

Huyền thoại. Example: A legendary king ruled here.

41. archaeologically /ˌɑːrkɪəˈlɒdʒɪkli/

Về mặt khảo cổ. Example: The site is archaeologically important.

42. historically /hɪˈstɒrɪkli/

Về mặt lịch sử. Example: The city is historically valuable.

43. carefully /ˈkeəfəli/

Cẩn thận. Example: They carefully cleaned the bones.

44. gradually /ˈɡrædʒuəli/

Dần dần. Example: The wall gradually collapsed.

45. recently /ˈriːsntli/

Gần đây. Example: The tomb was recently found.

46. secretly /ˈsiːkrɪtli/

Bí mật. Example: The relic was secretly hidden.

47. originally /əˈrɪdʒɪnəli/

Ban đầu. Example: The statue was originally painted.

48. deeply /ˈdiːpli/

Sâu sắc. Example: The city was deeply buried.

49. widely /ˈwaɪdli/

Rộng rãi. Example: This theory is widely accepted.

50. traditionally /trəˈdɪʃənəli/

Theo truyền thống. Example: Kings were traditionally buried here.

51. dig up /dɪɡ ʌp/

Đào lên; khai quật. Example: They dug up old coins.

52. uncover /ʌnˈkʌvər/

Khám phá, làm lộ ra. Example: Workers uncovered a temple.

53. date back to /deɪt bæk tuː/

Có niên đại từ. Example: It dates back to 500 BC.

54. piece together /piːs təˈɡeðər/

Ghép nối, tái dựng. Example: They pieced together the pot.

55. carry out /ˈkæri aʊt/

Tiến hành. Example: They carried out an excavation.

56. come across /kʌm əˈkrɒs/

Tình cờ phát hiện. Example: We came across a skull.

57. preserve /prɪˈzɜːv/

Bảo tồn. Example: The museum preserves relics.

58. restore /rɪˈstɔːr/

Phục dựng. Example: Experts restored the statue.

59. analyze /ˈænəlaɪz/

Phân tích. Example: Scientists analyzed the bones.

60. carbon-date /ˈkɑːbən deɪt/

Định tuổi bằng cacbon. Example: They carbon-dated the wood.

61. record /rɪˈkɔːd/

Ghi chép. Example: Historians recorded events.

62. explore /ɪkˈsplɔːr/

Khám phá. Example: They explored the ruins.

63. trace back /treɪs bæk/

Lần ngược về. Example: The story traces back centuries.

64. unearth /ʌnˈɜːθ/

Khai quật. Example: A city was unearthed.

65. decipher /dɪˈsaɪfər/

Giải mã. Example: They deciphered the symbols.

66. rebuild /ˌriːˈbɪld/

Xây dựng lại. Example: The wall was rebuilt.

67. protect /prəˈtekt/

Bảo vệ. Example: Laws protect heritage sites.

68. investigate /ɪnˈvestɪɡeɪt/

Điều tra. Example: They investigated the tomb.

69. document /ˈdɒkjument/

Ghi lại, lập hồ sơ. Example: Finds were documented.

70. classify /ˈklæsɪfaɪ/

Phân loại. Example: They classified artifacts.

71. interpret /ɪnˈtɜːprɪt/

Diễn giải. Example: Scholars interpret symbols.

72. map out /mæp aʊt/

Lập bản đồ. Example: They mapped out the site.

73. pass down /pɑːs daʊn/

Truyền lại. Example: Stories were passed down.

74. search for /sɜːtʃ fɔːr/

Tìm kiếm. Example: They searched for ruins.

75. seal off /siːl ɒf/

Phong tỏa. Example: The tomb was sealed off.

76. excavation site /ˌekskəˈveɪʃn saɪt/

Khu khai quật. Example: The excavation site is guarded.

77. ancient script /ˈeɪnʃənt skrɪpt/

Chữ viết cổ. Example: They studied ancient script.

78. burial chamber /ˈberiəl ˈtʃeɪmbər/

Buồng mộ. Example: The burial chamber was hidden.

79. lost city /lɒst ˈsɪti/

Thành phố bị thất lạc. Example: A lost city was found.

80. stone age /stəʊn eɪdʒ/

Thời kỳ đồ đá. Example: Stone Age tools are simple.

81. bronze age /brɒnz eɪdʒ/

Thời kỳ đồ đồng. Example: Bronze Age weapons were used.

82. iron age /ˈaɪən eɪdʒ/

Thời kỳ đồ sắt. Example: Iron Age cultures spread widely.

83. royal tomb /ˈrɔɪəl tuːm/

Lăng mộ hoàng gia. Example: The royal tomb is huge.

84. ancient kingdom /ˈeɪnʃənt ˈkɪŋdəm/

Vương quốc cổ. Example: The ancient kingdom prospered.

85. trade route /treɪd ruːt/

Con đường thương mại cổ. Example: The city lay on a trade route.

86. cave painting /keɪv ˈpeɪntɪŋ/

Tranh hang động. Example: Cave paintings show animals.

87. burial ritual /ˈberiəl ˈrɪtʃuəl/

Nghi lễ chôn cất. Example: Burial rituals were complex.

88. ancient map /ˈeɪnʃənt mæp/

Bản đồ cổ. Example: The ancient map is faded.

89. historical era /hɪˈstɒrɪkl ˈɪərə/

Thời đại lịch sử. Example: It belongs to a historical era.

90. royal dynasty /ˈrɔɪəl ˈdɪnəsti/

Triều đại hoàng gia. Example: The royal dynasty lasted long.

91. sacred site /ˈseɪkrɪd saɪt/

Địa điểm linh thiêng. Example: Pilgrims visited the sacred site.

92. ancient battlefield /ˈeɪnʃənt ˈbætlfiːld/

Chiến trường cổ. Example: Weapons were found there.

93. sunken city /ˈsʌŋkən ˈsɪti/

Thành phố chìm. Example: Divers explored a sunken city.

94. historic relic /hɪˈstɒrɪk ˈrelɪk/

Di vật lịch sử. Example: The sword is a historic relic.

95. carved stone /kɑːvd stəʊn/

Đá chạm khắc. Example: Carved stones lined the road.

96. ancient fortress /ˈeɪnʃənt ˈfɔːtrəs/

Pháo đài cổ. Example: The fortress protected the city.

97. royal artifact /ˈrɔɪəl ˈɑːrtɪfækt/

Hiện vật hoàng gia. Example: The crown is a royal artifact.

98. hidden chamber /ˈhɪdn ˈtʃeɪmbər/

Buồng bí mật. Example: They found a hidden chamber.

99. ancient burial /ˈeɪnʃənt ˈberiəl/

Mộ cổ. Example: The ancient burial was untouched.

100. lost civilization /lɒst ˌsɪvəlaɪˈzeɪʃn/

Nền văn minh đã mất. Example: Atlantis is a lost civilization.