Introduction to Biology - Chapter 21 & 22 (Plant Form & Function/Reproduction of Flowering Plants)

Angiosperms four basic characteristics

Vascular, seed-bearing, fruit-bearing, & flower-bearing

Most abundant plants on Earth...

angiosperms

Male Parts of a flower

stamen (anther & filament)

Stamen

The male reproductive part of a flower

Anther

produces pollen

Filament

Holds up the anther

Male gametophyte

pollen grain

Female Parts of a flower

Carpel (stigma, style, and ovary)

Carpel

The female reproductive organ of a flower

Stigma

located at tip of style

Style

stalk-like upper part of carpel

Ovary

base of the carpel; encloses ovule

Female gametophyte

embryo sac

Angiosperm life cycle

flowers, double fertilization, & embryo (fruits)

Accessory Organs

Receptacle, petals, sepals

Vegetative Plant Parts

stems, leaves, roots

Petals

attract pollinators

Sepals

enclose & protect the flower

Pollinators are attracted flowers by...

color, shape, or odor

Plant embryo

seed

Cotyledons

seed leaves

Dispersal of Fruit Seeds

wind, water, & animals

Endosperm

food source of a seed

Germination

Early growth stage of a plant embryo

Plant Hormones Types

auxins, cytokinins, & gibberelins

Auxins

regulate elongation in angiosperms

Cytokinins

Stimulates cell division, more concentrated in roots, slows aging process in mature leaves

Giberrelins

stimulates growth

Phototropism

A growth response to light; towards or away

Gravitotropism

A growth response to gravity

Thigmotropism

A growth response to touch

1. Four basic characteristics of angiosperms

flowers, fruits, double fertilization, & vascular tissue

2 (a). List & Describe the male parts of angiosperms

Stamen - male reproductive organ

2 (b). List & Describe the male parts of angiosperms

Anther: Produces pollen (male gametophytes).

2 (c). List & Describe the male parts of angiosperms

Filament: Supports the anther.

3 (a). List & Describe the female parts of angiosperms

Carpel - female reproductive organ

3 (b). List & Describe the female parts of angiosperms

Stigma - sticky surface to catch pollen

3 (c). List & Describe the female parts of angiosperms

Style - tube connecting stigma to ovary

3 (d). List & Describe the female parts of angiosperms

Ovary - contains ovules

4. Where is pollen produced in angiosperms?

Anthers

5 (a). Microspores develop into:

Pollen grains

5 (b). Megaspores and megaspores develop into:

embryo sac

6. Angiosperm fertilization produces:

zygote & endosperm

7. Define endosperm

A nutrient-rich tissue

8. Define germination

The process where a seed sprouts and grows into a seedling under favorable conditions

9. Two ways seeds are dispersed

animal dispersal & wind dispersal

10. What are cotyledons?

seed leaves

11. When do angiosperm flowers develop into fruit?

AFTER fertilization, ovary matures into fruit

12. Functions auxins regulate in angiosperms

cell elongation & root initiation

13. Roles of cytokinins

promote cell division, delay leaf aging, & stimulate shoot growth

14. (a) Distinguish between tropisms

Phototropism: Growth toward/away from light

14. (b) Distinguish between tropisms

Gravitropism: Growth in response to gravity

14. (c) Distinguish between tropisms

Thigmotropism: Growth in response to touch

15. True or False: The megaspore is the female gametophyte

False; embryo sac

16. True or False: Pollen grains are transferred from the stigma to the stamen

False; anther to stigma

Receptacle

attachment point of flower unit to stalk

What is one function of stems in plants?

Support and elevation for leaves, flowers, and fruits.

What is another function of stems in plants?

Transport for materials.

What is a function of stems related to nutrients?

Nutrient storage.

What type of growth do stems contribute to in plants?

Annual, lateral, and plant growth.

Shoot

above ground portion; new growth from a plant

Roots function

absorb water & minerals, anchors plant

Plant Stem componenets

node, internode, axillary bud

Node location (stem)

point at which leaves attach

Internode location (stem)

area between different nodes

Axillary/lateral bud (stem)

undeveloped shoot

Most Abundant Plant Essential Elements

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

Plant Essential Elements purpose

metabolism, growth, & reproduction

Macronutrients

needed in large amounts

Micronutrients

needed in smaller amounts

Plants absorb micronutrients by...

absorbing micronutrients through the soil from disintegrated & decomposing rock products & dead organisms

Phosphorus deficiency

causes leaves to turn purplish

Nitrogen Fixation

Nitrogen gas from atmosphere is converted to a more usable form in plants

Nitrogen fixation produces

ammonia in soil

Modes of nitrogen fixation

- Nitrogen fixing bacteria

- Lightning

- Haber/Industrial Processes

Nitrogen Fixation by Bacteria

- Free living bacteria in soil

- Bacteria in plant nodules

Crop Rotation

- Farming technique

- Alternates planting of nitrogen hungry plants with plating of legumes

What process occurs during lightning that affects nitrogen gas?

Energy from lightning splits Nitrogen gas in the atmosphere.

What do nitrogen gas and oxygen form when they react due to lightning?

Nitrates

Three Main Tissue Systems

dermal, vascular, ground

Ground tissue function

makes up most of the plant

Ground tissue importance

sites of photosynthesis, respiration, & storage

Dermal tissue function

covers, leaves, stems, and roots

Dermal tissue components

- Epidermis (single layers of cells)

- Cuticle (waxy layer coating)

Vascular tissue function

transports water, minerals, etc.

Vascular tissue components

xylem, phloem, lignin

leaf vein function

support for leaf & transport water/nutrients

Root Systems Types

Taproot System & Fibrous Root System

Taproot System

root system made up of one large root and many small, thin roots

Fibrous Root System

A root system made up of many roots that are about the same size

Modular growth

repetitive production of units of growth that lead to increased plant size

Meristem

responsible for growth of new cells

Meristem Types

apical and lateral

Primary Growth

growth in length of stem & roots; apical meristem

Secondary Growth

thickening the roots and shoots of woody plants; lateral meristems

Stems result from...

secondary growth

Wood & Bark are products of...

secondary growth

What is the vascular cambium?

An internal cylinder of meristematic tissue.

What does the vascular cambium produce?

Vascular tissues.

What effect does the vascular cambium have on the stem over time?

It increases the thickness of the stem.