Bio II Lab Exam 1

Leaf tissue function (1)

type of plant tissue

photosynthesis:

• conversion of sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide into ATP and oxygen

transpiration:

• water travels from roots to stems, and evaporates in air as vapor through tiny pores in leaves (stomata)

Stem tissue function (1)

type of plant tissue

support plant

position leaves

transport materials

photosynthesis

Root tissue function (1)

type of plant tissue

absorption

transport and store materials

anchor plant

Dermal tissue function (1)

type of plant tissue

outermost layer of plant

provides protection

regulates movement of materials

Ground tissue function (1)

type of plant tissue

provides structure, support, and storage

lateral transport

Vascular tissue function (1)

type of plant tissue

transports materials through the plant

Meristematic tissue function (1)

type of plant tissue

contain cells that are rapidly dividing through mitosis

Cuticle function (1)

type of dermal & ground tissue

prevents water loss

Epidermis (1)

type of dermal & ground tissue

outermost single layer of cells

Trichome (1)

type of dermal & ground tissue

hairs that provide protection

root hair:

• increases surface area for absorption

Guard cells (1)

type of dermal & ground tissue

specialized cells surrounding stomata

Sclerenchyma (1)

type of dermal & ground tissue

thickened cell walls that may contain lignin

fibers and stone cells are examples

provide structure, support, and protect seeds

Collenchyma (1)

type of dermal & ground tissue

found near surface of stems, leaf petioles and veins

uneven thickening of cell walls

provide support to young plant organs

Parenchyma (1)

type of dermal & ground tissue

most common cells in plants

thin cell walls, large vacuoles

used for photosynthesis, support, storage, transport

Xylem (1)

type of vascular tissue

transports water and minerals from roots to leaves of plant

dead at maturity

Phloem (1)

type of vascular tissue

transports products of photosynthesis (sugar) throughout plant

alive at maturity

Vessel elements (1)

type of vascular tissue

found in the xylem

they’re shorter and thicker in diameter

they join end-to-end to form vessels

Tracheids (1)

type of vascular tissue

found in the xylem

they’re long, thin, and tapered

they join via angled ends

Sieve-tube elements (1)

type of vascular tissue

found in the phloem

they lack a nucleus and have sieve plates at each end

Companion cell (1)

type of vascular tissue

found in the phloem

these regulate sieve tube function

Endodermis (1)

the innermost layer of the cortex in plant roots and some stems

regulates water and substance through the layer

has Casparian Strip, which is made of suberin and forms the barrier

Meristem (1)

tissue found in various locations, such as roots and buds

contains rapidly dividing cells for primary and secondary growth

Apical meristem (1)

causes primary growth (i.e., lengthening of plant)

occurs at tips of shoots and roots

produces new leaves and flowers

Lateral meristems (1)

causes secondary growth (i.e., widening of plant)

occurs at the cambium

produces bark on trees

Pedicel (2)

stalk that supports flower

Receptacle (2)

tip of the pedicel where the flower parts attach

Sepal (2)

outer whorl of bracts, which may be green, brown, or colored like the petals

may appear as small scales or be petal-like

Calyx (2)

all the sepals, collectively

Petal (2)

colored, white, or even greenish whorl of bracts located just inside the sepals

Corolla (2)

all the petals, collectively

Perianth (2)

the corolla (petals) and calyx (sepals) all together

Stamen (2)

pollen-bearing structure, composed of filament and anther

Filament (2)

stalk that supports the anther

Anther (2)

pollen-producing structures that terminates the stamen

Carpel (2)

female reproductive structure, composed of stigma, style, and ovary, often pear-shaped and located in the center of the flower

Style (2)

tissue connecting stigma to ovary, often long and narrow, but may be short or absent

pollen must grow through this tissue to fertilize the egg

Ovary (2)

base of carpel

protects ovules inside, matures to form the fruit

Porifera—Sponges (3)

habitat:

• aquatic (fresh & marine)

• benthic/sessile

• suspension feeders: create water currents and trap floating food particles

tissues:

• lack true tissues & organs

symmetry:

• lack symmetry

features:

• osculum—large opening to body at one end

• spicules—needlelike structures protruding from surface of body for support and protection

• spongocoel—central cavity of sponge, which serves as a channel for water

• choanocyte (collar cell)—unique to sponges; line central cavity and use flagellum to move water through body

• spongin—present in some species; supportive proteinaceous material

Cnidaria (Hydra) (3)

habitat:

• aquatic (fresh & marine)

• sessile

• sexual & asexual reproducers

tissues:

• diploblastic

  • gastrodermis & epidermis

symmetry:

• radial

features:

• polyp—stationary form of animal

• tentacles—used to capture food and for movement

• gastrovascular cavity—central cavity

• cnidocytes—located within tentacles, contain nematocyst

reproduction:

• asexual—budding

• sexual

• testes—form near oral end of polyp

• ovaries—form near basal end

Cnidaria (Aurelia) (3)

habitat:

• aquatic (fresh & marine)

• sessile

• sexual & asexual reproducers

tissues:

• diploblastic

  • gastrodermis & epidermis

symmetry:

• radial

features:

• medusa—mobile form of animal

• tentacles—used to capture food and for movement

• central opening: mouth & stomach

• four gastric pouches, also containing gonads

• gastric filaments contain nematocysts for stinging

• ocellus—visual functioning

• statocyst—used for balance

• reproduction

  • sexual—gonads release gametes for external fertilization

Platyhelminthes (Flatworms) (4)

symmetry:

• bilateral

tissues:

• triploblastic: have three embryonic tissue layers

  • inner layer (endoderm) will give rise to gut lining

  • outer layer (ectoderm) will give rise to outer skin

  • middle layer (mesoderm) will give rise to muscle, excretory system and reproductive system

may be parasitic or free-living

body cavity:

• acoelomate (lacks a body cavity)

reproduction:

• many are monoecious

Platyhelminthes (Tapeworms) (4)

symmetry:

• bilateral

tissues:

• triploblastic: have three embryonic tissue layers

  • inner layer (endoderm) will give rise to gut lining

  • outer layer (ectoderm) will give rise to outer skin

  • middle layer (mesoderm) will give rise to muscle, excretory system and reproductive system

parasitic, lack a digestive system

lifecycle involves two hosts:

1. definitive host (primary)—usually a predatory mammal

   1. host in which the parasite matures (adult stage) and reproduces (sexually)

   2. normally they’re found in host’s digestive system

2. intermediate host—usually predator’s prey

   1. hosts in which larval stage develops and undergo asexual reproduction

   2. parasite would be found in muscle tissues or other internal organs of intermediate host

Annelids (4)

tissues:

• triploblastic

• coelomate (true body cavity)

• contain a complete digestive system (separate mouth & anus)

locomotion:

• have seate/chaeta (tiny bristles composed of chitin)

• some have parapodia (paired lateral appendages)

segmentation:

• building of a body from a series of similar segments

• metamerism—segmentation that improves the efficiency of locomotion

Annelids (Polychaeta—Clamworms) (4)

locomotion:

• each segment of the class polychaete has a paid of paddlelike parapodia (almost feet) w/ many citinous setae

respiration:

• in many polychaetes, the rich blood vessels in the parapodia function as gills

habitat:

• most are marine

• many crawl or burrow in seafloor, while a few drift and swim in the plankton

head region containing:

• eyespots

• tentacles

• palps

• jaws on an everted pharynx

Annelids (Oligochaeta—Earthworms) (4)

lack a conspicuous head

reproduction:

• monoecious (cross-fertilizing)

• two earthworms exchange sperm and then separate

• received sperm is stored in seminal receptacles

• clitellum (group of large fused body segments located close to anterior end) secretes a mucous cocoon

Nematoda (4)

segmentation:

• nonsegmented worms

body cavity:

• pseudocoelomate—have a body cavity that’s not completely lined with mesodermal tissue

• covered by a tough cuticle; must shed cuticle to grow

habitat:

• found in most aquatic habitats, free-living or parasitic

reproduction:

• usually reproduce sexually (dioecious)

Mollusca (5)

all have 4 common features:

1. muscular foot—movement

2. visceral mass—contains internal organs

3. mantle—covers visceral mass, can produce calcium carbonate shell

4. hard shell for protection

they’re soft-bodied, but most are protected by a calcium carbonate shell

four most prominent classes:

1. polyplacophora (chitons)

2. gastropoda (snails and slugs)

3. bivalvia (clams, oysters, mussels, scallops…)

4. cephalopoda (squids, octopuses, cuttlefish, and chambered nautiluses)

Mollusca (Bivalves) (5)

include many species of clams, oysters, mussels, and scallops

shell divided into two halves:

• left and right valves—the two parts are hinged at mid-dorsal line, and powerful abductor muscles close shell tightly

have no distinct head, and the radula has been lost

most are suspension feeders, trapping fine particles in mucus that coats the gills

• cilia convey the particles to the mouth

water flows in via the incurrent siphon, passes over the gills, and exits via the excurrent siphon

features:

• valves—shells that surround the body

• umbo—hump on the valves displaced towards the anterior side

• adductor muscles—muscles that hold the valves together

• mantle—covers the visceral mass and secretes hard outer valves; contains gills

• incurrent siphon—ventral siphon that carries water, food, and oxygen in

• excurrent siphon—dorsal siphon that carries water and waste out

• visceral mass—houses most of internal organs

• muscular foot—used for movement and digging into ground to anchor

• gills—function in gas exchange and food trapping

• ostia—openings in heart (open circulatory system)

• nephridia—function to remove waste from pericardial cavity (kidneys)

Mollusca (Cephalopods) (5)

includes squids, octopuses, and cuttlefish

they’re active predators:

• have beak-like jaws

• surrounded prey with tentacles that contain suckers (modified foot)

• use jaws to bite their prey and then inject poison-neurotoxin (secreted by salivary glands) to immobilize the victim

mantle covers the visceral mass, but shell is reduced and internal in squids, missing in many octopuses, and exists externally only in chambered nautiluses

water-jet propulsion:

• squids contract mantle cavity and fire a stream of water through the excurrent siphon (funnel)

• by pointing siphon in different directions, the squid can rapidly move in diff directions

digestion:

• complete digestive system (separate mouth and anus) specialized for its carnivorous lifestyle

circulation:

• cephalopods are the only mollusks w/ a closed circulatory system

respiration:

• their breathing structures are a pair of gills which are ventilated by muscle movements of the mantle

nervous system:

• they also have well-developed sense organs such as single lens eyes and complex brain

chromatophores:

• specialized pigmented, light reflecting organelles in their skin cells

• these organelles allow the animals to camouflage themselves

features:

• funnel—structure used to eject water for movement or wastes, sexual products, and ink

• eyes—highly advanced structures that can form very clear images

• chromatophores—pigmented organelle on skin that can change color rapidly

• funnel retractor muscles—used to control flow out of funnel

• ink sac—holds ink

• pen—functions as skeletal support

Arthropods (5)

most successful animal phylum in terms of species diversity, distribution, and sheer numbers

body cavity:

• coelomate (have true body cavity)

all share three key features:

• body segmentation (modified metamerism)

• hard exoskeleton

• jointed appendages

segments: regions w/ specialized function

• head—contains segments w/ feeding and sensory activities

• thorax—contains segments w/ locomotor activities

• abdomen—contains segments w/ locomotor and/or reproductive activities

• some contain the head and thoracic segments fused—cephalothorax

exoskeleton:

• body is completely covered by the cuticle, made of protein and chtin

• strong, protects the animal, and provides points of attachment for muscles that move appendages

• thick and inflexible in some regions, such as crab claws

• thin and flexible in others, such as joints

respiration:

• most aquatic species have gills with thin, feathery extensions that have an extensive surface area in contact with water

• terrestrial arthropods generally have internal surfaces specialized for gas exchange

subphyla of arthropods, and one class of arthropods:

• subphylum chelicerata (horseshoe crab)—contain one pair of chelicerae, one pair of pedipalps; antennae, and mandibles are absent

• subphylum crustacea (crayfish)—primarily found in aquatic habitats; contain two pairs of antennae, one pair of mandibles

• class insecta (grasshopper)—found in terrestrial environments; contain one pair of antennae and one pair of mandibles

Arthropods—Subphylum Crustacea (5)

most are marine, some freshwater, a few terrestrial and mostly free-living

their bodies consist of two tagmata:

• cephalothorax—covered by a carapace and contains appendages used in sensing, moving and feeding

  • contains two pairs of antennae, one pair of mandibles, five pairs of walking legs

• abdomen—has visceral functions and contains appendages used in moving

distinctions:

• all have two pairs of antennae, two pairs of maxillae, pair of mandibles, and a pair of compound eyes

• maxila—lie just behind jaws and aid w/ detection and manipulation of food

• arthropods evolved from an annelid-like ancestor containing identical appendages

parts:

• uropods—1 pair located in abdomen (with telson they make up the tail fan)

• swimmerets—5 pairs located in abdomen

• walking legs—5 pairs located in thorax (all except last pair contain gills)

  • anterior—most called chelipeds (have pincers, “chelae”)

• maxillipeds—3 pairs located in thorax (second and third have gills); feeding, manipulating food

• maxillae—2 pairs located in head (move and manipulate food)

• mandibles—1 pair located in head (chew and grind food)

• antennae—1 pair located in head (chemical and movement detection)

• antennules—1 pair located in head (touch and chemical detection)

Arthropods—Class Insecta (5)

features:

• have one pair of mandibles

• thorax usually has three pairs of walking legs and one or two pairs of wings

• abdomen contains most internal organs and specialized structure for reproduction

• three-part gut-ingestion, storage, grinding food

• have unbranched appendages

• only winged invertebrates

• found in terrestrial habitats

bodies divided into three segments:

• head containing appendages used in sensing and feeding

• thorax containing appendages used in moving

• abdomen containing no appendages and having visceral functions

respiration is accomplished using system of internal tubes, tracheae, and sacs delivering oxygen directly to cells

• air is taken in through openings called spiracles

excretion is accomplished via Malpighian tubules, tubules remove waste and salts from blood

use tracheal system to deliver oxygen directly to organs

they have wings for flight

ovipositor—tube for egg deposit (females only)

Arthropods—Subphylum Chelicerata (5)

chelicerae—mouthpart found in some arthropods; play a role in feeding and defense

• pierce food or manipulate food in the case of horseshoe crab

cephalothorax contain one pair of chelicerae (anterior most appendages)

• followed by one pair of pedipalps (in middle)

• 4 pairs of walking legs (posterior end)

differences:

• lack antennae and mandibles instead they use the chelicerae

• lack sensory antennae, and most have simple eyes

• lack mandibles

their bodies are divided into two tagmata (specialized grouping of arthropod body segments)

• cephalothorax—has locomotor, sensory, and feeding appendages at anterior end

• abdomen—which has visceral functions at posterior end

most marine chelicerata are extinct

majority of living chelicerata are arachnids, group that includes scorpions, spiders, ticks, and mites

Echinodermata (6)

deuterostomes—first opening during development (blastopore) becomes anus

name means “spiny skin” b/c body wall has spines

adults exhibit radial symmetry

• have 5 symmetrical radiating areas called ambulacra

they have pedicellaria (spine modifications on dermis) which are pincers that function in protection

• these structures are found surrounding base of spine

skeletal system:

• endoskeleton is derived from mesoderm; formed from calcium carbonate plates (ossicles)

• water-vascular system—plays role in movement, gas exchange and molecular nutrient uptake

respiration/excretion:

• skin gills function both in gas exchange as well as excretion

Chordata (6)

approx 56,000 species share 4 principal features:

1. notochord (flexible longitudinal rodlike structure) on dorsal side of gut and functions as an endoskeleton; precursor to spine

   1. provides physical support as well as signals that help w/ tissue development

2. dorsal tubular nerve cord—located on dorsal side of notochord (runs parallel)

3. pharyngeal slits—function in both respiration as well as feeding

4. muscular postanal tail—source of locomotion such as swimming and balancing of terrestrial species (tail)

subphylum cephalochordata contains lancelets:

• have notochord

• named for their bladelike shape

• they’re marine suspension feeders that retain characteristics of chordate body plan as adults

subphylum vertebrata contains the fetal pig:

• vertebrates have a backbone

• replaces role of notochord

• vertebrates have distinct and well-differentiated head