Week 2

A potentially fatal condition where the bitch has a lack of carbohydrates or altered carb metabolism due to developing puppies. This is often in bitches with large liters or inadequate nutrition

What is pregnancy toxemia?

Late gestation

When is pregnant toxemia common in bitches?

Hepatic lipidosis

What are hepatic findings that can be indicated in pregnant toxemia?

With the lack of adequate carbohydrate metabolism, the bitch will rely on fatty acids for energy, With the break down of fatty acids, comes the increase in ketones

Why does a bitch develop ketosis in pregnant toxemia?

Supplement nutrition- If bitch is pregnant she may not be able to eat as much, so can choose high caloric diet.

May need to terminate pregnancy (C-section)

What are the tx for pregnancy toxemia?

Ketonuria and glucosuria

What can one see on urinalysis of a dog with diabetes mellitus?

Insulin therapy (but to much insulin can cause fetal macrosomia) and terminate pregnancy

What can be the treatment for diabetes mellitus in bitches with DM?

Puerperal metritis

What condition is not very common in bitches but can occur during the first week post-partum. It is very serious when it happens?

Depression, high rectal temp, malodorous putrid lochia. Lochia has severely degenerated neuts on cytology

What are clinical signs of puerperal metritis in bitches?

IV fluids, broad spec antibiotics, OVH, PGF2a (to increase uterine contractions)

What is the tx of puerperal metritis in canines?

E. coli

What bacterium is the most common pathogen to cause metritis in the bitch?

Oxytocin

What can be given to a bitch to decrease puerperal hemorrhage?

Clotting disorders, retained placenta, and excessive trauma

What can cause prolonged bleeding in pregnant dogs?

Commonly E.coli, staph and strep

What bacteria can cause mastitis in bitches?

Painful! hot, swollen, and painful glands. Systemically ill. Purulent discharge, discolored milk/or none at all

What are the CS for acute mastitis?

Systemic antibiotic (don’t give anything that will harm them if nursing), Pain med, supportive care. Continue to allow pups to nurse unless the mammary glands are gangrenous

What is the tx of mastitis in bitches?

Systemc anti, surgical drainage and debridement, flush with chlorhex, and take pups off nursing

What should you do in regard to gangrenous mastitis?

Subinvolution of placental sites is usually not a life threatening that often occurs in primiparous bitches where there is a delayed involution or invasion of endometrium by fetal trophoblastic cells which erode the blood vessels

What is SIPS in bitches?

12 week s

When should uterine involution be complete in canines post partum?

2 months

How long is diestrus in bitches?

Diestrus

What phase of estrous does pyometra occur?

Vaginal cytology

What is the diagnosis for SIPS?

Trophoblast cells - multinucleated with foamy cytoplasm

What can be seen on vaginal cytology of a dog with SIPS?

Can resolve on its own, but can use blood transfusion and OVH if severe blood loss

What is the treatment for sips?

No bc the sips is causing bleeding and progesterone will close the cervix leading to infection

Is progesterone therapy recommended for SIPS tx?

In young, small breed bitches with large liters during 2-3rd week of lactation

What are the most common causes to hypocalcemia in bitches?

2-3rd week

When is the peak of lactation in bitches?

Change in behavior is the first clue, Panting, uneasiness, irritability, trembling, hyper salivation, whining, twitching, poor maternal care, weakness, stiff gait, facial pruritus, cannibalism, and may develop into convulsions

What are the clinical signs of hypocalcemia in bitches?

Ionized calcium

What should be checked to dx hypocalcemia?

10% calcium gluconate slowly IV and MONITOR HR CONTINUOSLy (once bradycardia or arrhythmia are present stop immediately)

What is the treatment for hypocalcemia?

Avoid giving to much calcium during pregnancy

How can one avoid hypocalcemia in bitches?

To decrease prolactin in the case of psuedopregancny but also for induce estrus in primary anestrus

What is cabergoline used for in bitches ?

Fever (hypocalcemia, mastitis, metritis)

Why is it important to check the rectal temperature daily for 1-2 weeks postpartum?

The feline usually gets a rupture to its uterus due to trauma and the fetus gets moved outside where it is walled off

Why may mummified fetus be a incidental finding in felines?

When a Type A-AB kittens nurse on type B queen. There is anti-A antibodies in the colostrum which will cause intravascular hemolysis leading to anemia, nephropathy, DIC and death

What is neonatal isoerythrolysis?

Kittens born normal, but develop clinical signs within a few hours of suckling, anorexia, lethargy, emaciation, hemoglobinuria, anemia, TAIL TIP necrosis

What are clinical signs of neonatal isoerythrolysis?

Remove kittens, Blood typing

What is the tx and prevent of neonatal isoerythrolysis?

Long

What kind of breeders are cats? (long or short)

Melatonin implant

How can one suppress estrus in cats?

Induced ovulation (mechanical stimulation)

How do cats ovulate?

PGF2a, cabergoline and aglepristone (last two are not approved in US)

How is abortion induced in cats?

cystic endometrial hyperplasia

What is CEH pyometra complex in felines?

Repeat psuedopregnancies and exogenous progestins

What can cause CEH pyo in cats?

They can cause mammary hyperplasia and mammary tumors

Why are exogenous progestins contraindicated in cats?

Purulent vaginal discharge, anorexia, lethargy, pyrexia, vomiting, PU/PD, and leukocytosis

What are clinical signs for CEH pyo in cats?

Ovariohysterectomy

What is the tx for CEH pyo in cats?

Anechoic pus filled uterine horns

What can be seen on US of a cat with CEH pyo?

Often in young, pregnant or psuedopregnant queens under the influence of progesterone or exogenous progestins

What is benign mammary hypertrophy in cats?

Spontaneous complete regression occurs following luteolysis (PGF2a), OVH or parturition

How can one treat benign mammary hypertrophy in cats?

Mammary hyperplasia often malignant adenocarcinomas and metastasis is common

What are intact female cats 7 times more likely to develop than spayed females?

Lungs, lymph nodes and liver

Where do mammary hyperplasia in cats often metastasize to?

History and CS, excisional biopsy, thoracic rads.

Surgical excision and chemo

guarded because by the time of dx it has probably already metastasized

How does one dx, tx and px for mammary neoplasia in cats?

Deaths that occur from the day of conception until day 42

When does early embryonic occur in cows?

Day 42 up to day 260

When fetal death considered an abortion in cows?

D260 until term

When is a fetal death considered a still birth in cows?

Gives insights into which pathogen or condition may have caused this. (some microbes prefer cotyledons while others may prefer intercotyledonary areas or both)

Why is it important to examine the placenta in cows (and other species) when a fetus is aborted?

BVD

Which bacterial disease can cause mummification of fetus in cows?

Taking two blood samples (an acute sample and then a convalescent sample 2-3 weeks later) will allow the lab to test the levels of antibodies

Why is it important to take 2 samples when doing a blood test (2-3 weeks apart)?

Saves time and money

Why is it important to take bulk samples when testing herds of cows?

Fresh chilled - never frozen (will kill bacteria if frozen)

Fixed in 10% formalin- for histopathology

How can can aborted fetus be sent for testing?

Natural breeding is used

Why are beef cattle more likely to get venereal diseases?

Tumbling motility

How does tritrichomonas foetus move?

In the preputial crypts of bulls

Where is trich and vibrio (campy) maintained?

Trich can cause pyometra in cows, while vibrio (campy) does not

Trich and vibrio (campy) infections present very similarly, but what is the main difference in presentation?

15 months

How long does trich immunity last in cows?

Young bulls usually rid themselves of infection. Older bulls (greater than 3 years) usually remain permanently infected

what is the pathogenesis of trich and vibrio in bulls?

Cows- irregular estrous cycle/ repeat breeders, occasional pyometra, and abortion

bulls- Usually no clinical signs, but can cause mild balanoposthitis

What are the clinical signs of trich in cows and bulls?

60% will be in diestrus (pregnant)

What are the general expected pregnancy rate in a herd of cows?

cows- Vaginal discharge/mucus test for antibodies

Bulls- Preputial scraping (3 times over the course of a few weeks- If the test positive at any time, they are culled)

How is trich dx in cows and bulls?

Cows- generally recover spontaneously

bulls- no tx approved for bulls in US

What is the tx for trich in cows and bulls?

The best way is to test bulls before the breeding season. There is also a partially effective killed vaccine for cows. Can also cull all (+) bulls, keep a closed herd, keep fences in good repair, only use virigin bulls

What is the best way to control and prevent trich in herds of cattle?

Campylobacter fetus veneralis

What is the real name for vibrio?

4-5 years

How long does immunity last in cows for vibrio?

If postpone the breeding season, there will be money loss and cows will now deliver at the end of the breeding season leading to a back-end-loaded herd

Why is it not recommended to treat vibrio by postponing the breeding period for vibrio for 60-90 days in cows?

4-5 years

How long does it approximately take for a back end loaded cow herd to convert to a front end loaded cow herd?

Test bulls before the breeding season, but can also give two doses of vx to bulls

What is the best way to control and prevent vibrio (campylobacter fetus veneralis) in cattle?

A poorly understood disease in cattle that is caused by mycoplasma and ureaplasma. It doesn’t cause abortion, but it causes painful lesions on the penis and vulva that can cause an animal to not want to breed

What is granular vulvovaginitis?

Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1)

What disease in cattle can recrudescence during times of stress and is latent. It can cause upper resp disease that can cause abortion and genital infections that can cause animals to not want to breed?

Upper resp dz in non-immune pregnant cows→ viremia→ fetal infection→ abortion

What is the pathogenesis of respiratory BHV?

4-8 months of gestation

When do abortion storms often occur in a herd gestational time period?

Microscopic inspection of fetal tissue look for viral intranuclear inclusion bodies

How can BHV be dx?

Mid gestation (90-140 days)

What stage of gestation will BVDV positive viral calves with no antibodies against it (persistently infected)?

Normally in a herd, we would expect cows to range from 2-5 months pregnant after their two month preg check. However, with trich infection, it will cause cows that got pregnant early to lose their calve due to abortion and then they will get pregnant again after that.

What does “earlier than expected” gestational age mean in regards to trich infection in cows?

Pooled ear notch immunohistochemistry or antigen-capture ELISA or PCR on serum, whole blood or skin

What dx test is best to perform if suspecting BVDV in a herd of calves?

Neospora caninum

What disease is the number one cause of abortion in cow?

Microscopic fetal lesions or serology

How to dx neospora Caninum?

Interrupt predator-pray life cycle - dispose of carcasses and placentas properly. Also can store water and feed appropriately

What is the best way to prevent control and prevent neospora outbreaks?

Epizootic bovine abortion

What disease is endemic to California and adjacent area. Doesn’t have a known infectious agent, but is spread via ticks. It is only presented in cows that are brought into the area?

Foothill abortion

What is another name for epizootic bovine abortion disease?

No clinical signs beside, well …LATE TERM ABORTIPN STORMS

What are clinical signs seen in cows for foothill abortion disease?

Petechial hemorrhage in conjunctiva, oral cavity and tongue, sever ascites generalized lymphadenopathy, enlarged spleen and liver, and small grey inflammatory foci in heart and kidney

What pathological lesions can be seen on a fetus whose mother had epizootic bovine abortion disease? (Know these necropsy signs)

Introduce them to the area prior to breeding season (need 2 months to develop immunity)

What can be done to ensure a new herd of cows doesn’t get epizootic bovine abortion ?

Aspergillus fumigatus

What microbe has a fancy for the cotyledons and intercotyledonary space and can make the placenta look like a Turkish towel due to sever placentitis ?

Scrapings from placenta or impression smear from abortus and examine for fungal hyphae

How can fungal infections in cows/fetus be dx?

Poison hemlock and locoweed

What plants can cause abortion or cause the calf to be crooked?

Pine needles

What plant toxic to cows can cause constriction of blood flow to the placenta?

Peripheral vasoconstriction is exacerbated in high temperatures leading to slobbering, open-mouthed breathing reduced avg daily gain, and causes them to spend hours of daylight in the shade or in water

How does ergot alkaloids from fescue toxicity cause summer slump or fescue foot?

Dec circulating prolactin (acts like dopamine agonist), dec intensity of estrus, altered CL function, increased EED

How does ergot alkaloids from fescue toxicity lead to decreased reproductive efficiency?

Treatment not economically feasible. Don’t set out to pasture on fescue field

How is fescue toxicity tx and prevented in cows?

High nitrates, from plants, will convert to nitrite in the rumen. High levels of nitrite will oxidize iron that is in hemoglobin to its ferric state, which can’t hold enough oxygen leading to methemoglobin. This results in hypoxemia stress in tissues including the placenta leading to late-term abortion.

How can nitrate cause abortion in cows?