Quiz 10

What is Qualitative Research?

the in-depth understanding of a phenomenon in a natural setting

it is rooted in participant perspective, and helps to understand behaviors, beliefs, experience, or attitudes of individuals or groups

it is used in exploratory or descriptive research 

What is phenomenology?

describes a main philosophical paradigm or approach ot qualitative research

it emphasizes description or interpretation of subjective lived experience and perspectives

What is ethnography?

is a way a researcher understands a phenomenon through the eyes of the participants and data collection takes places in natural settings

what is grounded theory?

It is an approach used to develop theory that is “grounded in data systematically gathered and analyzed,” and it is known for constant comparative analysis 

What are case studies?

qualitative approach that is an empirical, in-depth exploration of an individual or groups to make conclusions within a particular context 

What are the issues in qualitative research design?

1. sample population

2. access to the sample population

3. reflexivity

What is saturation and how is it used in research design?

it is concept that can inform sample size

when data reveals no new insights, or unique findings emerge = saturation is reached

What is reflexivity and how is it used in design? 

refers to exploring how the perspectives of the researcher and the interaction between researcher and participant influence the research process.

A study must show the interactive factors 

what are the 4 trustworthiness factors?

1. Credibility 

   • adhering to best practices for research 

2. transferability 

   • researcher must provide enough details so findings can be used to build evidence and inform other studies

3. dependability 

   • a way to promote reliability 

4. confirmability 

   • studies designed neutrally so findindings are shaped by participants 

What are 2 other ways to improve trustworthiness? 

1. triangulation: using multiple data sources

2. use a team of researchers: more perspectives

What is the ethical approach to qualitative studies?

• engagement of participants throughout the process

• knowledge of topic and community

• cultural competency of research team

• confidentiality of data

• reduced participant burden

• detailed informed consent formed

• accurate interpretation and reporting

Why Interview?

Through interviews, researchers can gain broad and meaningful insight into the participant’s perspective

What are informal interviews?

impromptu conversations typically taking place within field research and matched observational data

no predetermined questions and process flows and stops as needed

What are semi-structured interviews?

the researcher is guided by some structure or format and is a hybrid of conversation and structured interview

conducted using a list of broad open-ended questions with some adaptability 

what are structured interviews?

least flexible and are detailed interview guides to ensure all participants are asked the same questions 

improves consistency across multiple interviews 

What are key-informant interviews?

aim to gather expert opinions from people who have a higher level of knowledge about the topic than those directly impacted by the issue of study

What are focus groups?

like group interviews and guided by a moderator a group of people discuss the topic of interest 

what factors go into a focus group?

1. the research topic: would people talk about the topic in a group setting

2. consider target population: impact comfort level and group dynamics

3. moderator matters: skilled moderator that is familiar with the topic and target population

What is participant observation

when the researcher becomes a participant in the group or setting during observation researchers can chose to tell their role to the observer

what is nonparticipant observation?

the researcher observes the group or setting without taking part 

can chose to tell their role to the observed 

what is direct observation?

the researcher observes behaviors or interactions as they occur

what is indirect observation?

the process of observing the effects or results of behaviors or interactions

what is CBPR?

Community-based participatory research: community engagement model that involves the community partners in all aspects of the research process 

How is community forums used? 

a strategy to gather qualitative data 

going to the open meeting where members of the community come to gether to discuss an issue of common concern

What is photovoice?

It is a visual research methodology in which participants collect the data.

it enables people to record and reflect their community strengths and concerns and promotes discussion about the issues documented in the photos

what is a listening session?

a more structured group information-gathering approach when predetermined questions and a facilitator guides the listening session discussion