Social Studies -Ecosystems/Cumulative Test

Ecosystem

A natural system which links together all the elements of the environment.

Tundra

An extremely cold, dry biome that is known for having long frigid winters and short cool summers

Desert

An extremely dry biome with little water and few plants.

Tropical Rain Forest

Biome near the equator with warm temperatures wet weather, and lush plant growth

3 layer tree

3 layers of trees in a forest that blocks sunlight from penetrating the ground.

What percentage of oxygen comes from the rainforest?

75%

Biotic

The living parts of an ecosystem

Abiotic

The non living parts of an ecosystem

Producers

Organisms that produce their own food and energy

Decomposers

Organisms that gets their energy by breaking down the waste and remains of dead organisms into smaller molecules.

Consumers

Organisms that get their food and energy by eating other organisms

Habitat

The place where an organism lives.

Food Chain

A series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten

Food web

a system of interlocking and interdependent food chains.

Characteristics of tropical rain forest

Hot, wet, and humid.

Characteristics of grasslands

Hot and wet, fast growing grass, grass turns yellow during the dry season,

Deforestation

The clearance of forested land

substinence farming

When just enough food is grown for the farmer's own needs.

Reasons for deforestation

Substinence farming, new roads, cattle ranching, logging companies

Dormant meaning

To be inactive

Afforestation

planting trees or the establishment of a forest

6 climactic biomes

Tundra, Grasslands, Desert, Aquatic, Taiga, savanna

What climactic region gets rainfall in winter

Mediterranean

What region only has one season?

Equatorial rainforest

Why are coniferous trees cone shaped?

So rain and snow do not settle on the tree

Biotic factors

All the living organisms that inhabit an environment

Abiotic factors

Nonliving components of environment.

What is the driest desert in the world

Atacama Desert

Name 3 deserts

Sahara desert, Kalahari desert, Nami desert

At what latitude are most deserts found?

30 degrees north and south

Four adaptations of the vegetation in the Savanna

Thick bark for protection, Wide trunk to store water, Tree loses leaves to conserve moisture, Long roots to get to underground water.

Communication

The transfer of the message from the sender to the receiver, who should understand the message.

Message

The information or instructions being passed by the sender to the receiver.

Effective communication

Communication in which the message that is being sent is received understood and acted upon in the way intended.

Job of a manager

To guide, instruct, warn, and encourage workers.

What is involved in effective communication

The transmitter or sender, the medium of communication, the receiver, and feedback.

One-Way communication

Communication that involves a message that does not require a response

Two-way communication

Communication that needs to be responded to by the receiver.

Internal communication

Communication between members of the same organization

External communication

Communication that is sent between one organization and another organization or with an individual outside of an organization

Upward communication

When subordinates send messages to managers

Downward communication

When managers send messages to subordinates

Horizontal communication

When messages are sent between people that are on the same level in an organization

Why do people in business need to communicate with each other?

If there is no communication in a business or an organization there would be no order and no coordination between anybody in the business. The manager would also not be able to carry out the tasks of instructing, guiding, warning, and encourage workers,

Different ways to communicate

Verbal, written, visual

Formal communication

The channel of communication that is recognized by the business or organization

Informal communication

Communication that has no set structure and the information transferred is not recognized by the business or organization.

Verbal communication

Communication that uses spoken words

Written communication

Communication that is written and must be read

Visual communication

Communication that uses visual cues, symbols, images and more.

State the two months that have the highest rainfall in the equatorial type of climate

May and October

What biome has hot dry summers, with mild and somewhat wet winters?

Equatorial

What is a drainage basin or a river basin?

An area of land trained by a river and its tributaries

What is the source?

Where the river starts

Tributary

A stream or small river that flows into a bigger one

Watershed

The boundary of a drainage basin

The mouth

The end of the river

Name the main features of the water cycle in order

Precipitation, Surface runoff, Evaporation, Transpiration, and Condensation

Precipitation

The transfer of water from the air to the land. It can be rain, hail, sleet, or snow.

Surface runoff

The transfer of water across the land and into the sea or lake.

Evaporation

The transfer of water from the surface into the air as water vapor.

Transpiration

The transfer of water from plants into the air as water vapor.

Condensation

The change of water vapor in the air into water droplets.

Runoff

The water flowing in a river

Discharge

The amount of water passing a point of a river at a time. It is measured in cubic meters per second.

Name the 4 types of erosion

Attrition, Corrasion, Corrosion, Hydraulic action

Erosion

The wearing away of the land

Transportation

The movement of eroded material

Attrition

Where material is moved along the water bed and breaks into other pieces eventually.

Corrosion

Where the banks and bed of river are dissolved by acids in the water.

Corrasion

The rubbing of material against the river bank

Hydraulic action

The force of water hitting the banks of the river.

Deposition

The laying down or dumping of material which happens when a river slows down and loses energy.

Name all 4 ways of river transportation

Traction, Saltation, Suspension, Solution

Traction

Where large rocks and boulders are rolled along the bed of a river.

Saltation

Where smaller stones are bounced along the bed of a rivver.

Suspension

Where fine material is light enough to be carried by the river.

Solution

the final stage of river transportation where the minerals are able to be dissolved in the water

What is a river landform?

A feature resulting from the movement of water on the Earth's surface.

What are the river landforms in a highland area?

V-shaped valleys, interlocking spurs, and waterfalls.

How are V-shaped valleys and interlocking spurs formed?

When a river transports material along its bed, it cuts downwards and deepens the river bed. When heavy rain comes, soil on the valley sides move downhill due to gravity. The valley becomes steep sided and V-shaped because erosion deepens the valley faster than it widens it. The river winds its way around ridges called interlocking spurs, they are like the teeth of a zipper.

Name the 5 stages of how V-shaped valleys and interlocking spurs are formed in order

Rocks and pebbles move along river bed, river erodes downwards and deepens the valley, Slopes attacked by heavy rain, valley sides move slowly downhill, Valley forms V-shape

How are waterfalls formed?

Waterafalls occur where a band of hard rock lies next to soft rock. The soft rock is warn way faster than hard rock, and a step develops over which the river falls. When the soft rock lies under the hard rock, the soft rock is worn away and the hard rock is unsupported and will collapse. This happens many times causing the waterfall to move upstream, in whcih a steep sided gorge is left behind.

Name the 5 stages of how a waterfall is formed in order

Soft rock is worn away, Hard rock is undercut and unsupported, Hard rock collapses, Waterfall retreats upstream, Steep-sided gorge left behind

Name the river landforms in lowland areas

Meanders and ox bow lakes, Floodplains and levees, and Deltas

How are meanders formed?

When a river goes around a bend most of the water is pushed towards the outside causing erosion. The channel is deepened and the bank is worn away. In the inside of the bend water movement is slower. Material is built up due to deposition. This makes the bank gently sloping and the river channel shallow.

Name 1 characteristic of meanders

They constantly change their shape and position

Name the 8 stages in which a meander develops in order:

The fastest flow is on the outside of the bend, erosion happens, the banks are undercut and worn away, the river channel deepens, the slowest flow is on the inside of the bend, deposition happens, the channel becomes shallow, and sand and shingle are deposited as a small beach.

How are ox-bow lakes formed.

Deposition form the meanders blocks off a bend and forms an ox-bow lake, which will dry up and only refills after a heavy rain or a flood.

Name the 6 stages of how an ox-bow lake develops in order:

Outside of bend worn away from erosion, the neck between two bends gets narrower, River cuts through neck, deposition builds up, meander cuts off from main river, an Ox-bow lake is formed.

How are deltas formed?

Deltas are formed when rivers transport large amounts of material to their mouths if this river flows into a calm sea or lake it slows down and material is deposited. This builds upwards and outwards and a delta is formed.

What is a floodplain?

The flat area of land over which a river meanders.

What are levees?

Raised banks or walls built along the banks of rivers.

Name 3 causes of water pollution

Spraying crops with chemicals, industrial waste, waste from mines

Advantages of natural flooding

Water is stored in vegetation so there is less river water, Water moves slower so there is less erosion, wetlands store water and provide habitats.

Disadvantages of flood controls

Damages wildlife and vegetation, causes erosion, flooding happens more often

Life expectancy

The average number of years a person can expect to live in a country.

Infant mortality

The average number of children per 1,000 born alive, who die before the age of one year.

Dependents

people who rely upon other of working age.

Economically active

people that work and receive a wage.