Health & Human Services, Cloning, Euthanasia, and Stress Management Review

Flashcards covering key concepts from lecture notes on Health & Human Services, the history of helping, cloning, euthanasia, stress and managed care.

According to the notes, what were three positive ways to deal with stress?

Diaphragmatic Breathing, Systematic Muscle Relaxation (Somatic Macly), and Emotive Imagery.

What were some common treatments for mental illness in the Middle Ages?

Trephining of the skull, exorcism, starving, chaining, beating, and bleeding (leeches).

How did Hippocrates approach the explanation and treatment of problem behavior and mental illness?

He used a scientific approach, formulated a hypothesis, and tested it, believing mental illness could be caused by brain diseases, heredity, or head injury, marking the beginning of the Medical Model of Service Delivery.

What three conditions in the 1500s made it necessary to find new ways to assist those in need?

The decline of feudalism, the beginning of industrialization, and the growth of commerce.

What was the significance of the Elizabethan Poor Laws of the 1600s?

They guided social welfare practice in England and the US for 350 years and specified who was to provide what service, classifying dependents by their ability to work and placing initial responsibility on the family.

What was the purpose of the Law of Settlement established in the mid-1600s?

It established residency requirements to determine eligibility for assistance.

What key developments in the 1600s changed the landscape for social welfare and mental health treatment in Colonial America?

The development of almshouses for the poor and the opening of the first state hospital for mental health treatment in Virginia in 1773.

What was a significant federal legislative act in the Early and Mid-20th century that increased federal involvement in social welfare?

The Social Security Act of 1935.

What are four common roles of Human Service professionals?

Advocate, Broker, Case Management, and Generalist social work practice.

What is the primary definition of Cloning in the context of the notes?

To create cells without sexual reproduction.

What is one argument against human cloning based on the concept of uniqueness?

It devalues people by depriving them of their uniqueness, leading to a loss of what is vital to humanity, value, and dignity.

What is Euthanasia?

A good or easy death, where 'EU' means good, fortunate, or easy.

Distinguish between Passive Euthanasia and Active Euthanasia.

Passive Euthanasia involves withdrawing care or treatment, while Active Euthanasia involves playing an active role in the patient's death, such as prescribing or administering drugs.

What is Doctor Assisted Suicide?

It is a form of active euthanasia where a doctor provides the means and know-how to commit suicide, but the patient performs the act.

What is the Hippocratic Oath?

A physician's pledge that their first responsibility is to care for their patient.

According to the notes, what is a key argument for Managed Care improving healthcare?

Efficiency is perfectly compatible with compassionate, effective healthcare, leading to economies of scale and strict controls of physician quality, which drives healthcare costs down and quality up.

What is a main argument against Managed Care improving healthcare?

Providers cannot afford the luxury of a conscience or heart due to the risk of being fired or de-listed for giving too much care, suggesting the system is meant to make money rather than solely care for sick people.

What is a Gatekeeper in the context of Managed Care?

A method used by Managed Care to control access to services.

What is an HMO (Health Maintenance Organization)?

Organizations that provide health care in return for prefixed payments.

What does the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) enable?

ADA enables people with disabilities to have access to goods and services that is equal to the access available to citizens without disabilities.

What are Brownfields in the context of urban issues?

Abandoned cities or sites that are condemned, which people often do not want to build on.

What is Holistic Medicine?

A belief that people must take responsibility for their own health by practicing healthy behaviors and maintaining positive attitudes, and that physical distress has behavioral, psychological, and spiritual components.

What is the Nocebo effect?

When you convince yourself of negative outcomes, which then manifest, suggesting that negative thoughts can have a psychological impact if given into.

Describe Lazarus & Folhman's theory on stress.

Strain (stress) does not occur unless stressors are first filtered through our psychological system, meaning stress is determined by the psychological weight a person puts on a situation.

What are the three stages of Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome?

Alarm (hormones released), Resistance (body adapts), and Exhaustion (energy depleted, rest necessary).

What is the main idea of Kobasa's Psychological Hardiness Theory?

People who react positively to stress are less likely to develop physical illness and are able to withstand the rigor of stress exposure, unaffected psychologically by stressful events.

What are the three models of stress proposed by Matheny?

The Stimulus Model (stressor is the event), the Response Model (stress is a psychological body response), and the Transactional Model (stress is an interaction between person and environment based on perceptions).