culture & socialisation keywords 𝜗ৎ

culture

⊹ ࣪ ˖ whole way of life : shared values , norms , practices

⊹ ࣪ ˖ differs around the world : religion , music , food , language - British/handshake , French/kiss on cheeks to

⊹ ࣪ ˖ provides identity through socialisation

cultural diversity

⊹ ࣪ ˖ society with a variety of cultures that coexist

⊹ ࣪ ˖ Values can differ - religious values : food , modesty , North Ireland/strong beliefs Catholic , England/secular

⊹ ࣪ ˖ Norms can differ - mannerism : eating with hands vs cutlery

cultural transmission

⊹ ࣪ ˖ process whereby norms + values are passed on to the next generation

⊹ ࣪ ˖ Socialisation within the family, school , religion and media

⊹ ࣪ ˖ each culture passed on different norms/values - eating with knife+fork in Western society vs eating with chopsticks in Japan

norms

⊹ ࣪ ˖ ideas to show what is acceptable behaviour for any situation , acts as a guide :

queuing for the bus at a bus stop ,using manners to strangers

⊹ ࣪ ˖ provide social control and make life predictable : govern how we dress - formal settings

Particularistic norms & Universalistic norms

particularistic norms

⊹ ࣪ ˖ rules, standards, and values that are specific to a particular group, relationship, or situation

an elder son and a younger daughter may be given different rights or duties because of differences in age and sex.

universalistic norms

⊹ ࣪ ˖ equally to all members of a society/worldwide

legal system , grading system , human rights

values

⊹ ࣪ ˖ ideas that people regard as important - worth striving for

not purchasing from Fast Fashion Brands that use child labour

⊹ ࣪ ˖ values influence our norms - killing animals - vegan , animal testing - religious values eating pork

⊹ ࣪ ˖ Values can vary overtime and between cultures

moral + ethical values

status

⊹ ࣪ ˖ social position given to you ( hierarchy)

⊹ ࣪ ˖ status is ascribed ( born with : monarchy , nepo babies ) or achieved ( ability/ hard-work )

social roles

⊹ ࣪ ˖ expectations/norms attached to a particular social position ( mother , oldest )

⊹ ࣪ ˖ involve mutual expectations - teachers role ( authoritative ) is played in relation to a pupils ( obedient )

⊹ ࣪ ˖ roles help society to be predictable- less stress/strain and maintains social order

identity

⊹ ࣪ ˖ how we see you ur selves + how others see us - qualities and traits

⊹ ࣪ ˖ the choices we make - supporting a football team

subculture

⊹ ࣪ ˖ a group within a larger culture that shares aspects of that culture - race , age , ethnicity , class , gender

nature

⊹ ࣪ ˖ biologists believe people behave as they do because they are controlled by nature - nature theory

⊹ ࣪ ˖ humans are compared to animals and act on instinct - mothers are naturally protective of their children

nurture

⊹ ࣪ ˖ sociologists believe people are taught how to behave - nurture theory of human behaviour

⊹ ࣪ ˖ women care for children because they were taught to look after children when they were small - dolls are a typical toy for a small girl

⊹ ࣪ ˖ feral children ( wild children ) - evidence that behaviour is learnt - illustrates the importance of socialisation

⊹ ࣪ ˖ Oxana Malaya - lived with neglectful and alcoholic parents ever since she was young , developed characteristics of a dog : run on all fours and bark. She could hardly speak in 1991 and now lives in a home for the mentally ill

social rules

⊹ ࣪ ˖ unwritten behavioural guidelines that are shared and expected within a group or society , we are governed by these

⊹ ࣪ ˖ some are formal ( written down ) - laws / some are informal

⊹ ࣪ ˖ politeness - please and thank you , trust&promises , punctuality , respect

⊹ ࣪ ˖ Functionalist Durkheim - we are socialised into social roles so society can function ( collective conscience) - social border , control , predictable , cohesive

social construction

⊹ ࣪ ˖ given special meaning by people - motherhood is more than the ability to give birth but also nurturing

⊹ ࣪ ˖ influence behaviour to groups - all nurses are angels

⊹ ࣪ ˖ frog + horse analogy - depending on the angle it changes meaning , context , time , place

what we see normal at the time may be different

social change

⊹ ࣪ ˖ shifts in society have have bring about transformation to society and the individuals - social structure , economy or people actively pursue change - communist revolution/civil rights movement

⊹ ࣪ ˖ significant period - shift from agricultural to industrial society ( rural areas/farming to urban areas/factories)

⊹ ࣪ ˖ may change behaviour- challenging discriminatory behaviour - women Woking + pursuing a career

social inequality

⊹ ࣪ ˖unequal reward/opportunities for different individuals within a society

⊹ ࣪ ˖ social class - wealthy middle class parents may pay for their children’s education at advantageous schools

⊹ ࣪ ˖ gender - men dominate top jobs in society as women are associated with childbearing , sacrifice career

race age religion disability sexuality background

social control

⊹ ࣪ ˖ social processes by which the behaviour of individuals is regulated

⊹ ࣪ ˖ ensures conformity ( changing beliefs to match societies , social pressure ) to norms in society - sanctioned in place if broken

⊹ ࣪ ˖ maintained by formal social control: force ( police , laws ) and Informal social control; controlling through ideas ( social media )

primary socialisation

⊹ ࣪ ˖ within the family , acquiring basic skills and values - eating dinner with fork and knife

⊹ ࣪ ˖ most important stage of socialisation- allows children to function in society - learning basic communication skills

secondary socialisation

⊹ ࣪ ˖ outside the family - education system , peers , media , workplace , religion

⊹ ࣪ ˖ begin to influence our norms and values in support of integrating into wider society - education system passes knowledge and experience for work

role models

⊹ ࣪ ˖ we look up to and aspire to be like - copy behaviour : adopt the same norms , behaviour traits , and social roles - young boys look up to famous footballers

⊹ ࣪ ˖ young children look up to their parents mostly of the same sex

imitation

⊹ ࣪ ˖ process of learning - copy and echo behaviour seen

⊹ ࣪ ˖ children imitate the behaviour in g their parents as a way of learning

⊹ ࣪ ˖ can be positive and negative - younger sibling witnesses an older sibling being violent - may believe it to be acceptable

sanctions

⊹ ࣪ ˖ consequences of your behaviour - positive or negative

⊹ ࣪ ˖ rewards/punishments are used as social control - detentions in school for bad behaviour and merit for good

⊹ ࣪ ˖ formally written and have official consequences of obeying or disobeying the law

informally - actions taken by peers, family members, coworkers, religious leaders - disobeying cultural norms

expectations

⊹ ࣪ ˖ anticipated boundaries within which people should behave

⊹ ࣪ ˖ agents of socialisation set boundaries - parents will expect children to use manners , education : punctual

⊹ ࣪ ˖ boundaries set vary across society - family home : personal to universal ( varied bedtimes at home but work place has same start time for all )