Physio Lab Exam 1

anatomy

study of the structure and description of the human body

• what does it look like?

physiology

study of biological functions and process of the human body under basal (normal) conditions

• how does it work?

pathophysiology

study of abnormal biochemical and biophysical processes that occur in disease

cellular physiology

studies the biochemical and biophysical processes occuring within cells

systemic physiology

studies the regulation of physiological processes within the body

homeostasis

All human body organs and systems interact with each other in an orderly and synergistic manner to maintain ___.

homeostasis

dynamic constancy of the internal physiological environment while buffering the challenges of the external environment

• reflects ability of human body to maintain internally constant despite changes to surrounding environment

• 37 C

• 7.35 - 7.45

• 70-100 mg/dl

homeostasis in our bodies:

• body temp is maintained at ___

• blood pH kept between ___

• blood glucose maintained at ___

1. stimulus

2. receptor

3. afferent … CNS

4. efferent … effector (tissues/glands)

5. response … magnitude … homeostasis

feedback control mechanisms:

1. ___ produces change in variable (i.e temp as a variable)

2. change is detected by a ___

3. input: info is sent along an ___ pathway to the ___

4. output: info sent along an ___ away towards ___

5. ___ of effector feeds back to influence ___ of stimulus and returns variable to ___

negative feedback system

respone of the control system is negative or opposing to the stimulus

• i.e: regulation of blood pressure:

  • original response → decrease in blood volume/pressure

  • restoration response → increase in blood volume/pressure

• stimulus: decreased room temp

• receptor: thermal receptors in skin

• control center: hypothalamus

• effector: muscles break down ATP to release heat

• response: heat gain/increase in temp

• stimulus is increase in temp, effector is sweat glands, and response is heat loss and bringing down temp

negative feedback system example: regulation of body temp:

• stimulus:

• receptor:

• control center

• effector

• response

• what happens when outside temp is too high?

positive feedback system

response of the control system is positive or promoting the stimulus

• act to amplify the initial response

• response stops when the stimulus is removed!

• stimulated

• sensory

• strengthens

• more

  • stops when the baby is birthed

positive feedback examples: childbirth

1. fetal head pressure → cervix is ___

2. ___ receptors fire neural signals

3. oxytocin is released from pituitary gland

4. contraction ___ in the uterus

5. ___ pressure on cervix

positive feedback system example: blood coagulation

injury → clotting → attracts MORE platelets and clotting factors → response accelerated

• stop when injury is healed

plasma membrane

external cell barrier that is selectively permeable

• has amphiphatic phospholipid bilayers that mark the boundering of the cell

phosphate … fatty acid

each phospholipid molecule has hydrophilic ___ heads and hydrophobic ___ tails

passive transport

when substances move down its conc. gradient from high to low conc. w/o ATP

passive simple diffusion

natural movement of small nonpolar molecules (oxygen and CO₂) from high to low conc.

• unassisted/doesn’t use integral proteins

  • example: dies in water!

passive facilitated diffusion

when a substance moves down its conc. gradient w/ help of protein molecule

• common w/ large and charged ions like glucose, amino acids, and ions

channel mediated facilitated diffusion

special transport proteins created hydrophillic tunnesl in lipid bilayer to transport small, polar molecules and ions

• fast

• like a revolving door

carrier mediated facilitated transport

special transport proteins “carry” large/polar substances across the membrane

• protein binds to molecules → changes shap accordingly → pushes it to the other side

active transport

when a substance moves against its concentration gradient from lower to higher conc.

• doesnt happen naturyally

• need ATP

• like swimming against a current

primary active transport

when carrier proteins “pump” the molecules against the conc. gradient

• ATP directly used

• like carrying smth using your own energy

its used directly by breaking ATP down into ADP and Pi (inorganic phosphate) and using that released energy to push ions against gradients

how is ATP used in primary active transport?

secondary active transport

when the downhill movement of one molecule drives the uphill movement of another by using an est. conc. gradient of molecule A to power the transport of molcule B

• like going uphill

• indirect use of ATP bc it was already used

its used indirectly, for example: sodium easily goes down bc its/ high to low conc. unlike glucose. → glucose piggybacks onto sodium to get to high conc.

how is ATP used in secondary active transport?

vesicular transport

bulk transport of substance into/out of cell which includes:

• endocytosis: phagocytosis and pinocytosis

• exocytosis

endocytosis

when substances are taken into the cell by modifying the plasma membrane structure

phagocytosis (cell eating)

when the cell engulfs a large particle by forming/projecting pseudopods (false feet) around it and enclosing it within a membrane sac aka phagosome

pinocytosis (cell drinking)

enfolding of the plasma membrane carries a drop of extracellular fluid containing solutes into the cell in a tiny membrane-bound vesicle

exocytosis

when substances are released from the cell into the extracellular environment

• accounts for most secretion processes

osmosis

passive process by which molecules of a solvent try to pass through a semipermeable membrane from a less conc. to more conc. solution, equalizing each side of the membrane

• against a gradient

salt build and dries our cells → we need to add water for dilution

what does osmosis have to do w/ getting thirsty after eating salty food?

hypertonic solution

• higher solute conc.

• lower water/solvent conc.

• net movement of water towards this side

hypotonic solution

• lower solute conc.

• higher water/solvent conc.

• net movement of water out of this side

comparitive

tonicity is a ___ term so you have to name them

• hypo, hyper, iso

isotonic solution

• equal solute and solvent conc. on both sides of selectively permeable membrane

• water molecules continue to cross membrane but no further net movement

• volume doesn’t have to be the same

• goal of osmosis

tonicity

measure of potential difference in osmotic pressure gradient of two solution separated by a semipermeable membrane

• only influenced by non-penetrating solutes (i.e solutes that cant cross the membrane and exert an osmotic pressure)

osmotic pressure

pressure created by non-penetrating solutes that causes osmosis movement of water to happen

• same

• net

isotonic cell:

• both solutions have the ___ conc. of solutes

• though H₂O molecules move back and forth, there is no ___ movement

• higher

• outside … inside

  • lose … shrivel up and die

hypertonic cell:

• a solution where the conc. of solute is ___ than the solution its being compared to

• ___ of the cell is hypertonic to the ___ of the cell

  • cells ___ water and ___

• lower

• outside … inside

  • take up water, swell (lyse) and burst/die

hypotonic cell:

• a solution where the conc. of a solute is ___than the solution its being compared to

• the ___ of the cell is hypotonic to the ___ of the cell

  • cells ___ water and ___

DNA blueprint and human function/survival

• contraction

• brain

• food

• oxygen

med scientist used to think such were controlled by our DNA blueprint. However, DNA isn’t the real business end of physiology → it doesnt carry out lots of activities on the cellular/organ lvl to keep our bodies functional and healthy. such activities are performed by proteins that get expressed by the cell’s DNA

• proteins:

  • cause muscle___

  • power the ___

  • turn ___ into nutrients to be absorbed

  • transport ___ through the circulatory system

epigenetics

studies how lifestyle and environments signals modify and regulate gene activity

• link between external environment, genetics, and human function

• shows that exercise, nutrition, stress emotions, trauma, substance abuse, and social engagements can modify gene function w/o altering genes themeselves or their geneitc code

how epigenetics can be defined

mechanisms by which genes can be switched off and on, but the genes themselves and their genetic code are not altered

• tell us that carrying a gene isnt the same as it actually being expressed

• influence activation based on our choices

• 20%

• 80%

• ___ of an individual’s health, diseases, and how he/she ages is bc of genetics

• ___ is dependent on epigenetic induced alterations in human function via changes in lifestyle and environment

receptor

structure that detects changes in the internal/external environment

control center

structure like the brain that processes signals and coordinates the body’s response

effector

organ/tissue that carries out the control center’s response