Studied by 361 peopleabsolute location
Exact location of a place on the earth described by global coordinates of latitude and longitude.
relative location
The location of a place in relation to another place (for example Irondale is north of the railroad tracks, but south of the movie theater).
Region
an area defined by one or more natural or cultural characteristics that set it apart from other areas
Geographic Information System (GIS)
a computer system that can capture, store, query, analyze, and display geographic data
Cartogram Map
A map in which the shape or size is distorted in order to demonstrate a variable such as travel, population or economic production
Choropleth Map
a map that uses differences in shading, coloring, or the placing of symbols within predefined areas to indicate the average values or quantity in those areas.
Geographic Positioning System (GPS)
A system that determines the precise position of something on Earth through a series of satellites, tracking stations, and receivers.
remote sensing
A method of collecting data or information through the use of instruments and satellites that are physically distant from the area or object of study.
Natural Increase Rate (NIR)
Tells us how quickly a population is increasing or decreasing every year. Measured by subtracting CDR from CBR.
The Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
The number of live births per every 1000 people every year.
The Crude Death Rate (CDR)
The number of deaths per every 1000 people every year.
Net Migration Rate (NMR)
The number of people coming into or leaving the country every year. Measured by scratching the number of emigrants from the number of immigrants.
Population Pyramids
Population data is broken down into different age groups and by gender, then displayed in a pyramid graph.
Population density
The number of people in a given area (square mile or square kilometer usually).
Life Expectancy
the average period that a person may expect to live
Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
the average number of children that a woman will have in her lifetime
Infant Mortality Rate
The number of babies, out of every 1000 babies born, that die within their first year of life.
Demographic Transition Model Stage 1
Hunter gatherer stage, high birth rate and high death rate
Demographic Transition Model Stage 2
Agricultural Stage, declining death rates, high births
Demographic Transition Model Stage 3
Industrial Stage, declining death rates and declining birth rates
Demographic Transition Model Stage 4
Tertiary Stage, stable population (equal births and deaths)
Demographic Transition Model Stage 5
Declining Stage, decreased birth rate, high death rate (more deaths than births)
Migration
A semi permanent move to a new place
Immigration
A permanent move to a new country
Emigration
When someone permanently moves out of a country
Internal migration
A semi permanent move within a country
International migration
A semi permanent move from one country to another
Refugees
A person who is forced to move because of war, persecution or natural disasters
Push Factors
Anything that causes a person to migrate away from a place.
Pull Factors
Anything that encourages someone to move to a place.
Human Development Index (HDI)
HDI - measures development (GDP, Years of Schooling and Life expectancy)
More Developed Countries (MDCs)
has progressed further along the UN HDI continuum (.8-1.0)
Less Developed Countries (LDCs)
has made some progress along the UN HDI continuum but its progress is less compared to developed nations (0.4-.6)
Urbanization
The process in which people move from rural areas to those with higher population densities
Central Business District (CBD)
Symbolic center of a city for business and entertainment. Can be found by its tall and modern buildings
Megacity
a city that has more than 10 million (10,000,000) people in it
World Cities
Cities that have an influence on culture or finance that is more important than their population size
New Urbanism
a planning and development approach based on the principles of: walkable blocks and streets, housing and shopping in close proximity, and accessible public spaces.
Urban renewal
When the government Takes old parts of a city and tears them down to build new, modern buildings (could be residential/housing) or for businesses.
Gentrification
When private individuals or businesses take low income parts of a city and rebuild them to try to attract more high income residents.
Sprawl
When suburbs keep growing further and further from city centers they take up more and more rural land
Smart Growth
city planners pass laws to design and plan for sustainable city growth
Zoning Laws
Laws that specify what kind of development is allowed where (ex. residential, commercial, industrial)
Green spaces
undeveloped sections within a city or on its outskirts where people can enjoy nature and relaxation
Grid organization
Streets are arranged on a grid (usually North/South
First Agricultural Revolution
the change from hunter gathers to settling in comunnities to farm for the first time
Hearth
where something begins, area of origin
Second Agricultural Revolution
increased production of food as a result of changes in selective breeding and the application of new tools and mechanized labor
Selective breeding
The use of observation and experiments to naturally breed animals and plants for desirable traits.
Third Agricultural Revolution
the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides on farms to allow commercial farmers to grow more food with less labor
Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)
an organism whose genetic material has been altered through genetic engineering by scientists in a laboratory
Green Revolution
the spread of Western style agricultural practices to the rest of the world
Commercial Agriculture
farming done for the purpose of selling products
Subsistence Agriculture
when farmers primarily produce food for their own family to eat
Pastoral nomadism
a form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers graze herds of grass eating animals, moving from one location to another.
Shifting cultivation/ slash and burn
where farmers cut down forests and burn the trees to provide nutrients to the soil
Intensive Subsistence, wet rice dominant
rice plants are grown in nurseries and then transplanted to flooded rice paddies, most of the work is done by people
Intensive Subsistence
wet rice not dominant
Factory farms
large enclosures for feeding livestock with the goal of producing as many animals as fast as possible
Free range farming
livestock production where animals are allowed space to roam
Commercial grain
wheat and other grain crops are grown for sale at market using large scale farming practices
Commercial Gardening
production of fruits and vegetables using modern machines and chemicals for sale in markets often far from farms
Culture
the shared set of beliefs values and customs of a group of people
Beliefs
a person’s religious, academic and philosophical thought processes (how you think about things)
Values
core understanding that influence how people act. (how you act towards others)
Customs
the shared activities, celebrations and traditions of a group of people.
Cultural Relativism
the idea that cultures should be examined by themselves rather than by comparing them to another culture.
Popular Culture
culture that has spread to many areas of the world through diffusion (common in many places at the same time).
Folk Culture
culture practiced by a small group of people that are relatively isolated from other groups. (specific to a particular group of people).
Isogloss
the border between language families
Cultural Hearth
the place where a cultural trait begins
Contagious Diffusion
cultural traits that are spread by means of personal interaction (person to person)
Hierarchical Diffusion
cultural traits that are spread from places or by people of power and influence
Stimulus diffusion
as a cultural trait spreads it changes to adapt to local conditions
Relocation Diffusion
cultural traits are spread by the migration of people
Globalization
the increasing cultural, economic and political connectedness of the planet
Ethnocentrism
the belief that one’s own culture and ethnicity is superior to another
Racism
power combined with prejudice, designed to maintain a system of social and economic advantage for the group that holds power
Xenophobia
the fear or dislike of foreigners
Unitary State
A country in which one central government has most of the power over smaller local governments.
Federal State/Confederation
A country in which Power is shared between the national government and smaller regional governments.
Sovereignty
the power a government has to control its own affairs without interference from anyone else
Nation
a group of people with a shared identity, culture, and history
Antecedent Border
put into place before large numbers of people lived in an area
Superimposed Borders
boundaries that are established by more powerful countries in areas that already have human landscapes
Subsequent Borders
created once people are settled in order to keep ethnic and cultural groups together
Relict Border
borders that once existed but do not any longer
Patriotism
the combined love of feelings of pride one feels for their country
Ethnic Cleansing
the act of removing (either by deportation or killing) all the people from a particular cultural group from existence in an area
Genocide
an attempt to destroy a national, ethnic, racial or religious group, in whole or in part
Supranational organizations
Different groups that work with three or more countries to promote economic, political or cultural unity
Economic union
Promote increased economic cooperation between member states by limiting trade barriers like tariffs (taxes), quotas, and laws that limit the movement of people and goods or the operation of businesses across national borders.
Collective security unions
member countries join together for collective defense
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