Year 11 Whole Unit Flashcard

Ventilatory System and Structure

Oral Cavity

Beginning of the respiratory pathway.

Nasal Cavity

Air-filled space for filtering and warming air.

Pharynx

Common passage for air, food, and fluid.

Larynx

Contains vocal cords, connects pharynx to trachea.

Trachea

Airway tube supported by cartilage, below the larynx.

Bronchi

Large tubes branching from the trachea into the lungs.

Bronchioles

Smaller air passages within the lungs.

Alveoli

Tiny air sacs for gas exchange (respiration).

Ventilation

Movement of air into and out of the lungs.

Inhalation

Diaphragm contracts, thoracic cavity volume increases, lungs expand, pressure decreases, air moves from atmosphere to lungs.

Exhalation

Diaphragm relaxes, thoracic cavity volume decreases, lungs compress, pressure increases, air moves from lungs to atmosphere.

During Strenuous Activity

Internal intercostal and abdominal muscles contract, assisting exhalation.

Ventilation Rate

Breaths per minute (BPM).

Lung Volume

Amount of air lungs can hold.

Tidal Volume

Air exchanged at rest.

Vital Capacity

Air exchanged between max inhalation and max exhalation.

Residual Volume

Air remaining after full exhalation.

Total Lung Capacity

Vital Capacity + Residual Volume.

Peak Flow

Volume of air expelled at maximum force, measured with a peak flow meter (useful for diagnosing asthma).

Cardiovascular System

The Heart

Central organ pumping blood.

Anatomy

Right Atrium, Left Atrium, Right Ventricle, Left Ventricle, Atrioventricular Valves, Semilunar Valves, Superior Vena Cava, Inferior Vena Cava, Pulmonary Artery, Aorta, Pulmonary Vein.

Pulmonary Circulation

Right side of the heart pumps CO2-rich blood to the lungs for oxygenation and returns O2-rich blood to the left side. Pathway

Systemic Circulation

Left side of the heart pumps O2-rich blood to the body and returns CO2-rich blood to the right side. Pathway

Blood Vessels

Arteries

Veins

Thinner walls, wider lumen, carry blood towards the heart under lower pressure.

Capillaries

Thin walls, smallest vessels for exchange.

Cardiac Cycle

The sequence of events in one heartbeat. "LUB" sound is AV valves closing, "DUB" sound is semilunar valves closing.

Passive Transport

Diffusion

Movement of substances from high to low concentration. Relevant to gas exchange in the lungs.

Osmosis

Movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to low water concentration.

Factors Affecting Rate of Movement

Concentration gradient, surface area, temperature, distance.

Hypotonic

Solution with lower solute concentration than the cell.

Hypertonic

Solution with higher solute concentration than the cell.

Isotonic

Solution with equal solute concentration as the cell.

Energy and Chemistry

Energy

Unit is the joule (J). Derived from Greek word energon.

Calorie

1 calorie (small) = 4.2 J (energy to heat 1g water by 1°C). Food Calories (large, kcal) = 4200 J.

Renewable vs. Non-Renewable Fuels

Renewable fuels are restored in a relatively short time.

Organic Chemistry

Study of carbon-containing compounds.

IUPAC Nomenclature

System for naming organic compounds.

Hydrocarbons

Compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen.

Alkanes

Saturated hydrocarbons (single bonds). General formula

Alkenes

Hydrocarbons with at least one carbon-carbon double bond. General formula

Alcohols

Organic compounds containing a hydroxyl (-OH) functional group. Not hydrocarbons. Alkanols have only single bonds between carbon atoms. General formula

Isomers

Molecules with the same chemical formula but different structural formulas.

Molecular Mass

Mass of one molecule (in atomic mass units, amu).

Combustion Reactions

Reactions with oxygen, releasing energy.

Endothermic

Energy is absorbed (+ΔH).

Exothermic

Energy is released (-ΔH).

Complete Combustion

Produces CO₂ and H₂O.

Incomplete Combustion

Produces CO or C in addition to CO₂ and H₂O.

Balancing Reactions

Ensuring same number of atoms of each element on both sides.

Bond Breaking

Always endothermic (requires energy input).

Bond Forming

Always exothermic (releases energy output).

ΔH = Σ BE reactants – Σ BE products (Enthalpy change = total bond enthalpy of reactants - total bond enthalpy of products).

Energy, Moles, and Mass

Kilojoule (kJ)

Mole (mol)

SI Unit for amount of substance (6.02 x 10²³ "things" - Avogadro's Number, Nᴀ).

Molar Mass

Mass of one mole of a substance (g mol⁻¹), numerically equivalent to atomic mass in amu.

Atomic Mass Unit (u or amu)

1/12 the mass of a carbon-12 isotope, approximately the mass of a nucleon.

Nucleon

Particle in the nucleus (proton or neutron).

Enthalpy of Combustion (ΔHс)

Energy released per mole (kJ mol⁻¹) or per gram (kJ g⁻¹).

Converting kJ mol⁻¹ to kJ g⁻¹

Divide by molar mass (g mol⁻¹).

Calorimetry

Method to estimate heat lost or gained (Q) in a reaction using the mass and temperature change of water (Q = mcΔT). ΔH ≈ -Qwater.

Percent Error

[(experimental - literature) / literature] x 100.

Calculating Emissions from Fuel (CO₂)

Steps involve using molar mass and mole ratios from balanced combustion equations.

Mass of fuel → Moles of fuel (using molar mass)

Moles of fuel → Moles of CO₂ (using mole ratio from balanced equation)

Moles of CO₂ → Mass of CO₂ (using molar mass of CO₂)

Percent Yield

(actual yield / theoretical yield) x 100.

Digestion and Metabolism

Digestion

Mechanical and chemical breakdown of nutrients for absorption.

Stages of Digestion

Not explicitly listed, but implies a pathway through organs.

Organs of Digestion

Oral cavity, salivary glands, pharynx, (implies stomach, small intestine, large intestine from context).

Nutrients

Carbohydrates, Lipids (Fats), Proteins.

Carbohydrates

Monosaccharides (smallest unit), disaccharides, polysaccharides. Elements

Lipids (Fats)

Glycerol and fatty acids. Elements

Proteins

Chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds (peptides are short chains). Elements

Metabolism

Chemical processes within the body.

Catabolism (Hydrolysis)

Breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones using water (releases energy). Examples

Anabolism (Condensation)

Synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones, producing water (requires energy). Example

Enzymes

Biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions.

Factors Affecting Enzyme Function

Temperature (optimal range, denaturing at high temps), Substrate Concentration (rate increases then plateaus), Surface Area, pH Level (optimal range, denaturing at extreme pH).

Denaturing

Enzyme loses its functional shape due to unfavorable conditions (temp, pH).

Forces and Motion

Mechanics

Study of motion.

Kinematics

Describes how objects move ("How does an object move?").

Dynamics

Deals with forces that cause changes in motion ("Why does an object move?").

Quantifying Motion

Vector

Scalar

Quantity with only magnitude (e.g., distance, speed, mass, energy, time).

Displacement (s)

Vector change in position (starting to end).

Distance (d)

Scalar magnitude of travel.

Speed

Scalar rate of change of distance. SI unit

Velocity (v)

Vector rate of change of displacement. SI unit