always rmb notes bio sac

0.0(0)
studied byStudied by 0 people
learnLearn
examPractice Test
spaced repetitionSpaced Repetition
heart puzzleMatch
flashcardsFlashcards
Card Sorting

1/24

encourage image

There's no tags or description

Looks like no tags are added yet.

Study Analytics
Name
Mastery
Learn
Test
Matching
Spaced

No study sessions yet.

25 Terms

1
New cards

physical barriers in animals

skin : Blocks pathogen entry

mucous membranes : Trap pathogens in nose, lungs, gut, etc.

2
New cards

chemical barriers in animals

Stomach acid: Kills ingested pathogens

Lysozyme (in tears/saliva) : Breaks down bacterial cell walls

3
New cards

microbiological barriers in animals

Normal flora (gut/skin bacteria) : Compete with pathogens for space & food

4
New cards

physical barriers in plants

Waxy cuticle : Prevents water loss + blocks pathogen entry

Cell walls : Tough structure to block pathogens

5
New cards

chemical barriers in plants

oxalic acid : distasteful to insects

Enzymes : (e.g. chitinase) Break down fungal cell walls

6
New cards

microbiological on plants

symbiotic bacteria - secrete toxins or outcompete w patho bacteria

7
New cards

what are allergens

  • trigger allergic reaction

  • non pathogenic

8
New cards

how is an immune system initiated

  • immune cells recognize a pathogen, present its antigens, and activate T helper cells to start the immune response.

9
New cards

Why is the adaptive response specific?

targets one specific antigen with memory.

10
New cards

What is natural active immunity?

come from an infection, immune system makes memory cells

11
New cards

What is artificial active immunity?

vaccine is injected – body makes memory cells.

12
New cards

how does vaccine make antibodies

  • safely exposes to dead/weakened version of pathogen

  • b cells are activated and make antibodies

  • some b cells become memory to rmb it

  • if real pathogen is exposed ltr on, body rmbs and knows how to fight

13
New cards

what is vaccine

substance that protects you from disease

  • contains a weakened/dead version of pathogen.

14
New cards

What is natural passive immunity?

occurs naturally, mother to baby (e.g. thru placenta or breast milk)

15
New cards

What is artificial passive immunity?

Injected antibodies – fast but temporary protection. (e.g. anti-venom injection)

16
New cards

humoral immunity

  • work in extracellular environments

  • b cells cant enter cells as they are only found in body fluid/blood and destroy pathogens from the outside.

17
New cards

cell mediated immunity

  • works in intracellular environments

  • some pathogens can hide among self cells

    ^ antibodies cant reach these pathogens bc antibodies found in blood/body fluid

18
New cards

cytotoxic T cells vs natural killer cells

  • Tc cells and Nk cells both release perforin and granzymes (perforin = makes pores in cell mb, granzyme = enters through pores, releases enzymes that trigger apoptosis)

  • Tc cells are part of the adaptive immune system, destory cells that present foreign antigen on mhc 1 (SPECIFIC)

  • Nk cells are part of innate, destory cells that don’t have mhc 1 on the (NON SPECIFIC)

19
New cards

humoral immunity steps

  1. Pathogen enters the body and is broken down into antigen fragments

  2. Antigen is displayed on the mhc 2 marker present on an apc 

  3. Helper t cell binds to the antigen present on mhc 2 marker and becomes activated (releases cytokines)

  4. T helper cell helps B cell with the same b cell receptors will bind to the antigen

  5. Naive b cell undergoes clonal selection and clonal expansion 

  6. Memory b cells and plasma b cells are produced 

  7. Antibodies will bind to pathogen and will cause functions of neutralisation, opsonisation, agglutination, complement activation, precipitation or etc 

20
New cards

cell mediated immunity pathway

  1. Pathogen enters the body, breaks down into antigen fragments

  2. antigen is presented on MHC 1 marker

  3. cytotoxic t cell with matching receptor binds to antigen present on mhc 1, becomes activated. gets help from helper t cells releasing cytokines asw

  4. activated cytotoxic t cells will expand to make more Tc cells or memory t cells

  5. cytotoxic t cells leave lymph nodes, bind to infected body cell. WILL RELEASE PERFORIN AND GRANZYME TO DESTROY CELL

  6. memory t cells retain info for future infectiosn

21
New cards

steps of an allergic reaction

  • Allergen enters the body (e.g. pollen, peanuts).

  • Immune system overreacts and makes IgE antibodies.

  • IgE antibodies attach to mast cells.

  • On second exposure, allergen sticks to the IgE on mast cells.

  • Mast cells release histamine.

  • Histamine causes symptoms like sneezing, swelling, runny nose, itching.

22
New cards

autoimmune disease

  • immune system detects healthy cells as’nonself’ and triggers immune system to destroy and attac them in host tissue

23
New cards

why are booster vaccines good

  • ensures good amount of memory cells are made to fight off infection

24
New cards

when is histamine released

  • during inflammatory response

  • released from mast cells

  • cause vasodilation and increased vascular permeability (how easily small molecules can pass through blood vessel walls)

25
New cards

what is released during inflammatory response

  • histamine from basophils and mast cells

  • cytokines released by phagocytes (e.g. macrophages, neutrophils,etc)

  • MONOCLONAL ABS used to inhibit cytokine signals + reduce inflammation