Biology Test #1

Gene Flow

The transfer of genetic material from one population to the other (ex. migration)

Genetic Drift

the change in the frequency of gene variants (alleles) in a population over time due to random chance rather than natural selection

Nonrandom Mating

Organisms choose (sometimes arbitrarily) who to have kids with

Hardy Weinberg Model: Assumptions

No mutations, no selection, no gene flow, big populations, and random mating

Hardy Weinberg Equation

p²+2pq+q²=1

Stabilizing Selection

Favors average phenotypes

Directional selection

favors one side

disruptive selection

favors extremes

quantitative traits

traits that are expressed through more than just ‘have’ or ‘not have’ — a range

Phylogenetics

shows the evolutionary history of relationships among organisms and their trees

Monophyletic

(also called clade) — common ancestor + all descendants

Polyphyletic

different ancestors + similar traits

Paraphyletic

common ancestor + same descendants

Taxa/Taxon

how to describe multiple groups or one group

Synapomorphy

Shared common trait that is unique to said group

Homologous Trait

One that is derived from one common ancestor