apush

policies of democratic republicans

free trade, agrarianism, decentralization, state government

Louisiana purchase

territory in western United States purchased from France in 1803 for $15 million
one half of Jefferson wants an empire for liberty and expansion, but the other half is conflicted bc of strict interpretation

burr conspiracy

Burr planned to take Mexico from Spain and establish a new nation in the southwest
Burr, a fugitive in politics after Alexander Hamilton's death, was arrested in Natchez and tried fro treason
Under John Marshall, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, Burr was acquitted
Marshall determined that the charge of treason required more than just proof of conspiracy to commit treason; this helped narrow the legal definition of treason

lewis and clark

1804-1806 - Meriwether Lewis and William Clark were commissioned by Jefferson to map and explore the Louisiana Purchase region. Beginning at St. Louis, Missouri, the expedition travelled up the Missouri River to the Great Divide, and then down the Columbia River to the Pacific Ocean. It produced extensive maps of the area and recorded many scientific discoveries, greatly facilitating later settlement of the region and travel to the Pacific coast.

Marbury v Madison

1803- Marbury's commission isn't paid and he sues Madison. in the trial, Marshall stated that the 1789 judiciary art, which marbury based his argument on, was unconstitutional and therefore null and void. this case gave more power to the Supreme Court and determined that they have the final say in judicial review

neutral rights

the right to sail the seas and not take sides in a war

mculloh v maryland

1819- Maryland tells mculloh that he needs to pay a lot of taxes for his land because he controls the 2bus, which is trying to tax the banks. Marshall rules that you cannot tax a federal institution, used necessary and proper clause
"the power to tax involves the power to destroy"

Dartmouth v woodward

1819- A Supreme Court case, under John Marshall. The state of New Hampshire tried to turn private university Dartmouth into a public school. The Supreme Court decided that Dartmouth's charter was a contract between private parties, and could not be interfered with by the government.

fletcher v peck

1810
*Marshall Court decision
*The first time state law was voided on the grounds that it violated a principle of the United States Constitution
*The Georgia legislature had issued extensive land grants in a corrupt deal
*A legislative session repealed that action because of the corruption
*The Supreme Court decided that the original contract was valid, regardless of the corruption
*Reaffirmed the sanctity of contracts

Chesapeake affair

1807 - The American ship Chesapeake refused to allow the British on the Leopard to board to look for deserters. In response, the Leopard fired on the Chesapeake. As a result of the incident, the U.S. expelled all British ships from its waters until Britain issued an apology.

embargo of 1807

1807-1809
*American declaration to keep its own ships from leaving port for any foreign destination
*Jefferson hoped to avoid contact with vessels of either of the warring sides of the Napoleonic Wars
*The result was economic depression in the United States, which angered the Federalists, who were well-represented in Northeast commerce and were hit hard by the financial downturn

napoleonic war effect on usa

caused the american ships going into french ports go through the brits first, the american ships going through British ports were seized by French first

impressment

British practice of taking American sailors and forcing them into military service

why didn't the us just fight back

Thomas Jefferson made the army and navy weak because he thought the military could be used against the citizens, undermining states

James Madison

elected in 1808, fourth president

embargo of 1809

In the last sixteen days of President Thomas Jefferson's presidency, the Congress replaced the Embargo Act of 1807 with the almost unenforceable Non-Intercourse Act of March 1809. This Act lifted all embargoes on American shipping except for those bound for British or French ports.

what did the embargo of 1809 cause

an industry revival and more factories than even under Hamilton, causing tj to sweat

macon's bill number 2

law that promised American restoration of trade to France and/or England if either dropped their commercial restrictions. France was the first to claim to lift restrictions, opening up trade between France and the US, and continuing no trade between the US and Britain.

Warhawks

This term was given to members of the U.S. Congress who strongly supported American participation in the War of 1812. The most adamant were Western and Southern members, including Speaker of the House Henry Clay, and John C. Calhoun. By 1811, these young Congressmen called for war against Great Britain as the only way to defend the national honor and force the British to respect America's neutral rights.

Tecumseh and the prophet

Two Shawnee brothers, Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa, that welded a far-flung confederacy of all the tribes east of the Mississippi. The Prophet was discredited by attacking a much larger American army, and Tecumseh was killed in the Battle of the Thames. Their actions were in response to the flood of western-bound settlers, and resulted in Indian unity and cultural revival. The death of Tecumseh ended the hope of an Indian confederacy.

uss constitution

"Old Ironsides." defeated many British frigates and never lost a battle

why did the Canadian invasion fail

poorly trained army, attempted 3 pronged invasion, underestimated both army and challenges of wildnerness

battle of tippecanoe

1811 Tecumseh and the Prophet attack, but General Harrison crushes them in this battle ends Tecumseh's attempt to unite all tribes in Mississippi.

3 reasons for war of 1812

impressment, brits blockading ports, supplying natives with guns

little turtle's war

AKA Northwest Indian Wars; between U.S. and a confederation of numerous Native tribes for control of NW territory; defeated Native tribes & settled with Treaty of Greenville. facilitated more westward expansion and reduced native land holdings

news of January 1815

1. victory at battle of new Orleans led by Andrew Jackson
2. treaty of Ghent signed to end war

treaty of Ghent

December 24, 1814 - Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border.

hartford convention

Meeting of Federalists near the end of the War of 1812 in which the party listed it's complaints against the ruling Republican Party. These actions were largley viewed as traitorous to the country and lost the Federalist much influence

era of good feelings

A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts.

Henry clay's american system

consisted of three mutually reinforcing parts: a tariff to protect and promote American industry; a national bank to foster commerce; and federal subsidies for roads, canals, and other "internal improvements" to develop profitable markets for agriculture.

1824 election

John Quincy Adams vs. Andrew Jackson (and William H. Crawford and Henry Clay); John Quincy is elected by decision of the House of Representatives; only election in which the presidency had to be decided by the House because no candidate received a majority of electoral college votes and the only election in which the president with the most electoral votes was not elected president.

1820 election

Democratic-Republicans - James Monroe (Electoral) There was no organized opposition.

corrupt bargain

In the election of 1824, none of the candidates were able to secure a majority of the electoral vote, thereby putting the outcome in the hands of the House of Representatives, which elected John Quincy Adams over rival Andrew Jackson. Henry Clay was the Speaker of the House at the time, and he convinced Congress to elect Adams. Adams then made Clay his Secretary of State.

rush bagot treaty

1817 Treaty demilitarized the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain, where many British naval armaments and forts still remained, and laid the basis for a demilitarized boundary between the US and British North America. This agreement was indicative of improving relations between the United States and Britain during this time period following the end of the War of 1812.

convention of 1818

1818
*Provided for boundary between the United States and Canada at the forty-ninth parallel
*Allowed joint occupancy of Oregon Territory by Americans and british
*Permitted American fisherman to fish in the waters of Newfoundland and Labrador

general feelings about war of 1812

divisive and ill-fought, no national collective anger BUT ended up in nationalism

1816 bank of us

meant to help economy recover from war debt
a lot bigger than the first bank, many saw as a threat to democracy

tariff of 1816

First protective tariff in American history, created primarily to shield New England manufacturers from the inflow of cheap British goods after the War of 1812.

panic of 1819

This was the first widespread economic crisis caused by overspeculation in the west, brought deflation, depression, bank failures, and debtors prisons. This set back nationalism to more sectionalism and hurt the poorer class, which gave way to Jacksonian Democracy.

Ohio fever

European immigrants bought large amounts of cheap west American land.

what was the panic of 1819 caused by

agricultural boom from post-war period, but then banks started calling in loans and foreclosing, agricultural prices fell by half

"the bank was saved, the people were ruined"

William gouge
people blamed bank for the crisis and demanded a more limited government

Jackson's florida expedition

1816-18
ended Spanish control in areas of Florida but controversial, authorized by monore

adams-onis treaty

(1819) Spain ceded Florida to the United States and gave up its claims to the Oregon Territory, US cedes Texas

Monroe doctrine

1823 - Declared that Europe should not interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere and that any attempt at interference by a European power would be seen as a threat to the U.S. It also declared that a New World colony which has gained independence may not be recolonized by Europe. (It was written at a time when many South American nations were gaining independence). Only England, in particular George Canning, supported the Monroe Doctrine. Mostly just a show of nationalism, the doctrine had no major impact until later in the 1800s.

Missouri compromise of 1820

Allowed Missouri to enter the union as a slave state, Maine to enter the union as a free state, prohibited slavery north of latitude 36˚ 30' within the Louisiana Territory (1820)

Tallmadge amendment

This was a proposal to admit Missouri as a slave state with gradual emancipation. It passed in the House, but not in the Senate, and made slavery an issue. The South thought the North was going to try to eliminate slavery everywhere, led to Missouri compromise

land act of 1820

Fueled the settlement of the Northwest and Missouri territories by lowering the price of public land. Also prohibited the purchase of federal acreage on credit, thereby eliminating one of the causes of the Panic of 1819.

national republicans

After the 1824 election, part of the Democratic - Republican party joined John Q. Adams, Clay, and Daniel Webster to oppose Andrew Jackson. They favored nationalistic measures like recharter of the Bank of the United States, high tariffs, and internal improvements at national expense. They were supported mainly by Northwesterners and were not very successful. They were conservatives alarmed by Jackson's radicalness; they joined with the Whigs in the 1830's.

what was the cause of the Monroe doctrine

Russian and European monarchs looking at South America, which could lead to US invasion. post-war nationalism and isolationism

2 things that ended era of good feelings

Missouri compromise and panic of 1819

why does everyone hate jqa

he goes against popular opinion and is pro union where everyone else is pro states rights, didn't abide by spoils' system

what is Jacksons election evident of

power shift from the east to west
people getting more power, white male suffrage

why does the south dislike tariffs

raised cost of imported goods, could take away income from Europe with retaliatory tariffs

tariff of abominations

1828 - Also called Tariff of 1828, it raised the tariff on imported manufactured goods. The tariff protected the North but harmed the South; South said that the tariff was economically discriminatory and unconstitutional because it violated state's rights.

tariff of 1832

A tariff imposed by Jackson which was unpopular in the South; South Carolina nullified it, but Jackson pushed through the Force Act, which enabled him to make South Carolina comply through force; Henry Clay reworked the tariff so that South Carolina would accept it, but after accepting it, South Carolina also nullified the Force Act

webster-hayne debate

1830 - Hayne first responded to Daniel Webster's argument of states' rights versus national power, with the idea of nullification. Webster then spent 2 full afternoons delivering his response which he concluded by saying that "Liberty and Union, now and for ever, one and inseparable"

nullification crisis

A sectional crisis during the presidency of Andrew Jackson created by the Ordinance of Nullification, an attempt by the state of South Carolina to nullify a federal law - the tariff of 1828 - passed by the United States Congress.

force bill

1833 - The Force Bill authorized President Jackson to use the army and navy to collect duties on the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832. South Carolina's ordinance of nullification had declared these tariffs null and void, and South Carolina would not collect duties on them. The Force Act was never invoked because it was passed by Congress the same day as the Compromise Tariff of 1833, so it became unnecessary. South Carolina also nullified the Force Act.

indian removal act

Passed in 1830, authorized Andrew Jackson to negotiate land-exchange treaties with tribes living east of the Mississippi. The treaties enacted under this act's provisions paved the way for the reluctant—and often forcible—emigration of tens of thousands of American Indians to the West.

bank war

Jackson vs. Biddle (fed. gov. director of bank); Jackson believed the Bank of US had too much power and was too rich; vetoed the 2nd Bank charter & withdrew gov. money from the US Banks & put it into "pet banks";Jackson vetoed bill he thought was wrong

pet banks

A term used by Jackson's opponents to describe the state banks that the federal government used for new revenue deposits in an attempt to destroy the Second Bank of the United States; the practice continued after the charter for the Second Bank expired in 1836. bad bc they led to overspeculation and inflation, led to panic of 1837

'mandate' of Andrew Jackson

to get rid of the bank by removing federal deposits

specie circular

issued by President Jackson July 11, 1836, was meant to stop land speculation caused by states printing paper money without proper specie (gold or silver) backing it. It required that the purchase of public lands be paid for in specie. It stopped the land speculation and the sale of public lands went down sharply. The panic of 1837 followed.

election of 1836

Jackson's selected appointment successor martin van buren from NY. Rigged the democratic convention. Van buren was supported by jacksonites but not enthusiastically. Whigs unable to nominate a single candidate, instead several "favorite sons", caused their loss Van Buren won by close popular vote, safe electoral majority.

panic of 1837

When Jackson was president, many state banks received government money that had been withdrawn from the Bank of the U.S. These banks issued paper money and financed wild speculation, especially in federal lands. Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. Many state banks collapsed as a result. A panic ensued (1837). Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress.

divorce bill

A bill passed by Van Buren in 1837, that divorced the government from banking altogether, and established an independent treasury, so the government could lock its money in vaults in several of the larger cities.

Worcester v Georgia

Marshall ruled that the Cherokee tribe was independent from the US, 1832 - Jackson ignored it

black hawk's war

Indian uprising following the Indian Removal Act in which a coalition of Indians attempted to retake territory in northern Illinois - 1832

seminole war 1837

a conflict between the United States military and the Seminole Native American tribe, primarily focused on forcing the Seminoles to relocate from their land in Florida to Indian Territory west of the Mississippi River; this war is considered one of the longest and most costly Indian wars fought by the U.S. government, largely due to the guerrilla tactics employed by the Seminoles led by Chief Osceola.

William Henry Harrison

(1841), was an American military leader, politician, the ninth President of the United States, and the first President to die in office. His death created a brief Constitutional crisis, but ultimately resolved many questions about presidential succession left unanswered by the Constitution until passage of the 25th Amendment. Led US forces in the Battle of Tippecanoe.

2 changes of 1840 election

democracy and populism is popular, created new two party system

1821 Mexico

Mexico won independence from Spain by 1821, after an 11-year war of independence. This victory ended European rule in California and reduced the power of the missions. Texas is given to US immigrants

1835

Texas Revolution, Republic of Texas established. texans keep slaves despite anti-slavery laws and keep bringing them in

sam Houston

Commander of the Texas army at the battle of San Jacinto; later elected president of the Republic of Texas

Alamo

a mission and fort in San Antonio, Texas, where Mexican forces massacred rebellious Texans in 1836

san jacinto

A surprise attack by Texas forces on Santa Ana's camp on April 21, 1836. Santa Ana's men were surprised and overrun in twenty minutes. Santa Ana was taken prisoner and signed an armistice securing Texas independence

why couldn't the US annex Texas immediately

antislavery in the north. government had to be neutral, but the public nullified the legislation because of their love for texans

why did William Henry Harrison win

the panic of 1837 hurt dem reps, campaigning helped popularity, whigs united. log cabin and hard cider!

dems vs whig beliefs

dems believe in liberty, states rights, anti-federalism
whigs belief in national bank, tariffs, reform.
whigs are more #woke and anti expansion/manifest destiny

where did immigration come from in 1820s-40s

Irish and German bc of overpopulation and aristocracy in Europe, potato famine. Irish are Catholic!!aaaugh!! germans are more scattered but less politically powerful than the Irish (who also hate black people?)

nativism

1840s-50s
hate catholics and immigrants, 'know-nothings' are a party in favor of traditional America that attacked Philadelphia. however, economy needs immigrants and US is robust

Eli whitney and two inventions

Invented the cotton gin in 1790s which revolutionizes the cotton industry and causes resurge in slave labor where it had been growing dim, ties the nation together with King Cotton
also created musket interchangeable parts, which gave the north an edge in mass production

how did steam power change US

it spread slowly to the US because most are farmers due to the cheap soil, labor was scarce until the immigrants came and then the surplus led to the increase in factory work
- war of 1812 caused resurgence in nationalism and home-bought goods

Samuel Slater

He was a British mechanic that moved to America and in 1791 invented the first American machine for spinning cotton. He is known as "the Father of the Factory System" and he started the idea of child labor in America's factories.

how did the factory system change female gender roles

more economic independence as they were employed in sewing factories, but still mostly as nurses and teachers
home and work are separated and the home tasks are designated to women

Francis Lowell

Boston merchant who had an idea to combine spinning and weaving under one roof. He formed the Boston Associates. They built a textile mill in Massachusetts. Had all machines needed to turn raw cotton into cloth. hired women!

Cyrus mccormick

Irish-American inventor that developed the mechanical reaper. The reaper replaced scythes as the preferred method of cutting crops for harvest, and it was much more efficient and much quicker. The invention helped the agricultural growth of America. the agricultural areas in the west were landlocked and invited a transportation revolution

fulton's steamboat

the clermont
first commercially successful steamboat, changed navigation forever and towns began to cluster around rivers in the west and south as they could ship in/out goods

1811 national road

the federal government funded construction of the National Road for Western expansion
first major improved highway in the US built by federal government

market revolution

Drastic changes in transportation (canals, RRs), communication (telegraph), and the production of goods (more in factories as opposed to houses)
- made local economies national and outsourced factory work

Erie Canal

A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825. The canal, considered a marvel of the modern world at the time, allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West.
shipping costs go down and land value along river goes up

why were railroads the most significant contribution of the market revolution

cheaper than canals and could travel anywhere
- mostly in the industrial north
- first railroad is Baltimore and Ohio railroad

second great awakening

A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans.
shakers, millerites, seventh-day adventists

american temperance union

The founding of this organization in 1826 by evangelical Protestants signaled the start of a national crusade against drunkenness. Using a variety of techniques, the union set out to persuade people not to drink intoxicating beverages and was successful in sharply lowering per capita consumption of alcohol. It was an example of the spirit of reform that was so prevalent in the early 1800s.

Dorothea dix

A reformer and pioneer in the movement to treat the insane as mentally ill, beginning in the 1820's, she was responsible for improving conditions in jails, poorhouses and insane asylums throughout the U.S. and Canada. She succeeded in persuading many states to assume responsibility for the care of the mentally ill. She served as the Superintendant of Nurses for the Union Army during the Civil War.

Elizabeth cady stanton

(1815-1902) A suffragette who, with Lucretia Mott, organized the first convention on women's rights, held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. Issued the Declaration of Sentiments which declared men and women to be equal and demanded the right to vote for women. Co-founded the National Women's Suffrage Association with Susan B. Anthony in 1869.

american colonization society

Reflecting the focus of early abolitionists on transporting freed blacks back to Africa, the organization established Liberia, a West-African settlement intended as a haven for emancipated slaves.

sojourner truth

United States abolitionist and feminist who was freed from slavery and became a leading advocate of the abolition of slavery and for the rights of women (1797-1883)

where did Americans migrate after economic depression

tejas, california, New Mexico