quiz 1 combined ap euro nb 1-3

The Romans maintained a large empire for several centuries until when?

510 BCE

Hardships gradually weakened the Roman empire starting in

2nd century CE

__ weakened __

plagues, civil wars, rivals, and tribal invasions - population, territory, military, authority, and economy

When was the Plague of Antoine and what did it do?

2nd century CE, depleted population and military

What was Rome’s Persian rival?

Sassanid Empire

When were Germanic Tribes driven into the Roman Empire?

4th century

Why were Germanic Tribes driven into the Roman Empire?

overpopulation, climate changes, gothic tribes that were driven away by Hunnic invaders

When did the Huns start raiding Rome?

4th and 5th century

The Roman empire split into

western and eastern empires

What happened to the Western empire

plagued by gothic and germanic states, lacked authority, civil war, loss of influence and power

As the Germanic, gothic, hunnic, and slavic tribes established kingdoms, there was a need for

organization and protection

Europe devised what system?

Manorial system

The manorial system was predicated on

hereditary lineage and fealty

peasants are also known as

serfs

peasants were

unfree laborers who worked the land for knights nobles, kings for protection and food during famine

where did peasants work

Common Land

What is the significance of the Common Land

It gave peasants access to food as long as they worked

Feudalism

co dependent hierarchy stemming from local authorities

Europeans protected themselves from

Vikings in 793-1066

Smaller local kingdoms couldn’t compete with larger empires like

Arab Caliphates, Mongol hordes, Ottoman Empire

There were feuds over

decision making, authority, tax collection

Feuds led to

disputes between monarchs and nobility

Feuds made it hard to

form larger and powerful states

One noteworthy centralized state is

Holy Roman Empire

The Holy Roman Empire followed

Frankish king Charlemagne and Carolingian Empire in 9th century CE

Holy Roman empire existed for

1000 years

The Holy Roman Empire was united or disunited

largely disunited

Medieval europe was dependent on

peasant agriculture

commerce and manufacturing in medieval europe were controlled by

municipal craft guilds

craft guilds were composed of

local craftsmen and merchants that the gov gave licenses and opportunity

the craft guilds dictated

commerce, trade, min max prices, employment, quality, and production techniques

guilds were dominant in

north european port cities

what did guilds do

work together to control trade routes, fund priv armies, and negotiate terms with kings

Hanseatic League was from

1368

Hanseatic League dominated trading of

wool, fish, lumber

southern europe focused on the trade of

spices and exotic goods from eastern mediterranean

sourthern europe focused on

early banks in places like venice and genova

what was the catholic church largely responsible for

determining and policing morality

cardinals and pope claimed sole authority to..

read and interpret scripture, and grant access to heaven to laity

ecumenical councils

smart people who helped discuss and reform policy w cardinals and pope

how did the church usually punish moral wrongdoing?

public humiliation like stocks and branding

the church held laypeople accountable for

not attending mass on sundays

how were sins excused?

through confession to a clerical figure

what is the top down conversion approach

missionaries converted leaders who enforced catholicism on subjects,

in the top down approach, how were pagan practices erased

pagan holidays, temples, artifacts were converted into Christian versions

the churches primary targets were..

pagans, rural peoples

the pope is the

bishop of rome

how many cardinals worldwide

193

what do archbishops do

serve over several dioceses

what do bishops do

preside over one diocese, with many parishes

what do priests do

serve one parish

what do deacons do

assist priests in mass

the laity are

the people

papal states are

rich area in italy where the pope lives, church owns the land

the medieval church was known for its

repressive attitude and policy regarding interpretations of scripture, or info that violated church policy or authority

catholic church labeled dissenters as

heretics, messengers of antichrist

catholic church subjected heretics to

torture, imprisonment, and death

when did the church adopt the inquisition

12th century

why did the church adopt inquisiton

combat heresy that criticized church, interpreted scripture, or devised scientific theories that rivaled bible

waldensians are

french, italian, and swiss followers of peter waldo

waldensians were

questioned, tortured, and executed by the Inquisition in the 12th and 13th centuries

what did waldesians do

criticized pilgrimage as a ploy to earn money

hussites are

Czech and German followers of Jan Hus

hussites were

executed by the Inquisition from the 13^th-16^th centuries

what did hussites do

criticized clerical land holdings and wealth, and believed anyone could preach word of God

who were copernicans

Followers of the ideas of Nicolaus Copernicus and his heliocentric solar system

copernicans were

banned and persecuted from the late Middle Ages till the 20^th century for contradicting Biblical accounts

the church had a monopoly of

literacy

the church were the primary record keepers of

medieval history, theology, knowledge, philosphy, universities and art

the church established

educational facilities and universities

The Byzantine empire was the continuation of

the roman empire by greeks after 330 ce from capital constantinople

byzantine empire was a substantive force in the

east

byzantine empire was a substantive force until its decline in

12th century + conquest by ottoman turks in 1453

east west schism of 1054

when the byzantines split from roman catholic church to form their own branch of christianity, eastern orthodox church

byzantines were barrier against

main thrusts of muslim invasions of europe asides their invasion into spain for 800 years

the byzantines spread

christianity into eastern europe

the byzantines were the major source of

trade with Asia, as well as their knowledge, goods, and spices for over a millenium

the byzantines helped to preserve

practices, knowledge, and culture of Greek and Roman science, philosophy, law

and culture

the remainder was destroyed in Rome or lost to Muslim states in Egypt and the Levant after 695 CE

in 13th-15th centuries, europe was cut off from contact and trade w

Eastern civilizations of Persia, India, and China

Persia, India, and China were

the main manufacturers of goods and holders of contemporary knowledge

being cut off from persia india and china forced europeans to

find another way to establish connection with the East

christians in western europe became

roman catholic church

christians in eastern europe became

eastern orthodox church

the crusades were

a series of religious wars in western Asia and Europe

the crusades were called for or supported by the pope to

retake Christian holy lands in the Levant, chase Muslims out of Europe, or convert remaining Eastern European pagans

most relevant crusades to europe in 1450 ce

crusades in the Holy Land from 1096-1271, Reconquista in Spain from 1123-1492, and the Teutonic knights in Eastern Europe during the 15^th century 

levant crusades

people joined to retake the Holy Lands in the Levant, including Jerusalem, from the Muslim states

many kings, lords, knights, and others joined in hopes of achieving glory, wealth, and the forgiveness of confessed sins

crusades had setbacks but

 there were four major crusader states, maintained for almost two centuries until the fall of the crusader city of Acre in 1271

how were the crusades viewed

short-lived and controversial regarding their aims and treatment of locals

crusades in levant allowed

some of the lost Greco-Roman knowledge come back into Europe, transforming attitudes and approaches regarding knowledge and science

particularly after the invention of the printing press in the 15^th century

crusader trade communities were established by

italian traders

what did crusader trade communities do

connected Europe with the trade routes of Asia and propelling the city states of Genoa and Venice to prominence and expanded the Venetian maritime empire 

reconquista

Catholic effort to support northern Christian kingdoms against the remaining Moorish kingdoms of Southern Spain after the Arab invasion in 711 CE

reconquista approached as a crusade in the

12th century despite beginning on small sacle in the 8th century

after victory in 1941, ibera was under complete control of

Christians and united under the Spanish Crown & Portuguese kingdoms by Ferdinand and Isabella of Aragon and Castile

3 major impacts of reconquista

• Removed the last Muslim threat from the Western Mediterranean

• Christian policies in the Iberian Peninsula forecasted Jewish, Muslim, and Protestant treatment in Catholic Europe by the Inquisition

• Iberian Peninsula served as a basin from which Portugal and Spain could go new routes to the East 

how were jewish and muslim treated by the inquisition

Jews and Muslims who refused to convert were forcibly banned by a series of decrees in 1492 & 1497)

teutonic knights

after being kicked from the Levant and Hungary, the crusader order fought lithuania

lithuania

the last large pagan principality in Europe, on the Baltic coast in 1348