diseases test 2 | Quizlet

Acetazolamide - Class of drug & MOA

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor; inhibits carbonic anhydrase → ↓ H⁺ available for transport → ↑ excretion of HCO₃⁻, Na⁺, K⁺

Acetazolamide - Indications & Side Effects

Edema (CHF, drug-induced), seizures, glaucoma, altitude sickness; Side effects: metabolic acidosis, paresthesia, fatigue, dyspepsia, hypersensitivity, rapid tolerance

Furosemide - Class of drug & MOA

Loop diuretic; inhibits Na⁺/K⁺/2Cl⁻ cotransporter → ↑ excretion of Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺

Furosemide - Indications & Side Effects

Edema (CHF, liver cirrhosis, renal disease), pulmonary edema, hypertension; Side effects: hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, hyperuricemia, ototoxicity, metabolic alkalosis

Indapamide - Class of drug & MOA

Thiazide-like diuretic; inhibits Na⁺/Cl⁻ cotransporter → ↑ Na⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺ excretion; ↓ Ca²⁺ excretion

Indapamide - Indications & Side Effects

Hypertension, CHF edema, kidney stone prevention; Side effects: hypokalemia, hyperglycemia, hyperuricemia

Spironolactone - Class of drug & MOA

K⁺-sparing diuretic (aldosterone antagonist); blocks aldosterone receptors → ↓ Na⁺ channel & Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase synthesis

Spironolactone - Indications & Side Effects

Heart failure, hyperaldosteronism; Side effects: gynecomastia, breast tenderness, menstrual irregularity, hyperkalemia

Amiloride - Class of drug & MOA

K⁺-sparing diuretic (ENaC blocker); directly blocks epithelial Na⁺ channel (ENaC)

Amiloride - Indications & Side Effects

Hypertension, edema (used with other diuretics); Side effects: hyperkalemia

Tolvaptan - Class of drug & MOA

Vasopressin V₂ receptor antagonist; blocks V₂ receptors → ↓ aquaporin expression → ↑ free water clearance

Tolvaptan - Indications & Side Effects

Hyponatremia, CHF, liver cirrhosis; Side effects: thirst, polyuria, dry mouth

Atorvastatin - Class of drug & MOA

Statin (HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor); inhibits HMG-CoA reductase → ↓ cholesterol synthesis; ↑ LDL receptor expression

Atorvastatin - Indications & Side Effects

Hyperlipidemia, atherosclerosis, ASCVD prevention; Side effects: myopathy, rhabdomyolysis, ↑ liver enzymes, GI upset

Fenofibrate - Class of drug & MOA

Fibrate; activates PPAR-α → ↑ LPL activity → ↓ VLDL & triglycerides

Fenofibrate - Indications & Side Effects

Hypercholesterolemia, mixed dyslipidemia; Side effects: gallstones, myopathy (esp. with statins), GI upset

Cholestyramine - Class of drug & MOA

Bile acid sequestrant; binds bile acids → ↑ cholesterol conversion to bile acids

Cholestyramine - Indications & Side Effects

Isolated high LDL; Side effects: constipation, bloating, GI discomfort

Niacin - Class of drug & MOA

Vitamin B3; inhibits lipolysis → ↓ FFA to liver → ↓ hepatic TG synthesis

Niacin - Indications & Side Effects

Mixed dyslipidemia (↑ LDL & TGs, ↓ HDL); Side effects: flushing, hyperglycemia, hepatotoxicity, GI upset, pruritus

Ezetimibe - Class of drug & MOA

Cholesterol absorption inhibitor; inhibits NPC1L1 transporter → ↓ intestinal cholesterol absorption

Ezetimibe - Indications & Side Effects

High LDL (often adjunct to statins); Side effects: diarrhea, fatigue, mild liver dysfunction

Verapamil - Class of drug & MOA

Class IV antiarrhythmic (Ca²⁺ channel blocker); blocks Ca²⁺ channels → ↓ AV node conduction & automaticity

Verapamil - Indications & Side Effects

Atrial fibrillation/flutter; Side effects: bradycardia, hypotension, constipation

Digoxin - Class of drug & MOA

Cardiac glycoside; inhibits Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase → ↑ intracellular Ca²⁺ → ↑ contractility; vagomimetic effects

Digoxin - Indications & Side Effects

CHF, atrial fibrillation/flutter; Side effects: arrhythmias, GI upset, vision changes, CNS effects, electrolyte imbalances

Propafenone - Class of drug & MOA

Class IC antiarrhythmic; blocks Na⁺ channels → alters refractory period & conduction

Propafenone - Indications & Side Effects

Long-term rhythm control in arrhythmias; Side effects: proarrhythmia, negative inotropy (worsens HF)

Amiodarone - Class of drug & MOA

Class III antiarrhythmic; blocks K⁺, Na⁺, Ca²⁺ channels & β receptors

Amiodarone - Indications & Side Effects

Ventricular and atrial arrhythmias; Side effects: pulmonary fibrosis, thyroid dysfunction, hepatotoxicity, bradycardia, photosensitivity

Dronedarone - Class of drug & MOA

Class III antiarrhythmic; blocks K⁺, Na⁺, Ca²⁺ channels; antiadrenergic effects

Dronedarone - Indications & Side Effects

Atrial fibrillation/flutter; Side effects: fewer than amiodarone (no thyroid/pulmonary toxicity)

Vernakalant - Class of drug & MOA

Class III antiarrhythmic; atrial-selective Na⁺ & K⁺ channel blocker

Vernakalant - Indications & Side Effects

Acute atrial fibrillation; Side effects: sneezing, paresthesia, nausea (generally well tolerated)

Epoetin alfa - Class of drug & MOA

Erythropoiesis-stimulating agent; EPO receptor agonist → stimulates RBC production

Epoetin alfa - Indications & Side Effects

Anemia in CKD, chemotherapy, HIV; Side effects: HTN, thromboembolism, headache, bone pain

Dalteparin - Class of drug & MOA

LMWH; activates antithrombin → inhibits Factor Xa > thrombin

Dalteparin - Indications & Side Effects

DVT/PE, angina, hemodialysis; Side effects: bleeding, less HIT than UFH

Warfarin - Class of drug & MOA

Vitamin K antagonist; inhibits vitamin K reductase → ↓ clotting factor synthesis (II, VII, IX, X)

Warfarin - Indications & Side Effects

Thromboembolism prevention (AFib, valves); Side effects: bleeding, skin necrosis, alopecia, GI upset

Dabigatran - Class of drug & MOA

NOAC (direct thrombin inhibitor); directly inhibits thrombin

Dabigatran - Indications & Side Effects

Stroke prevention in AFib, DVT/PE treatment; Side effects: bleeding, GI upset, no monitoring needed

Rivaroxaban - Class of drug & MOA

NOAC (Factor Xa inhibitor); inhibits Factor Xa

Rivaroxaban - Indications & Side Effects

Stroke prevention, DVT/PE; Side effects: bleeding, fewer interactions, no monitoring

Idarucizumab - Class of drug & MOA

NOAC antidote; monoclonal antibody fragment that binds dabigatran

Idarucizumab - Indications & Side Effects

Dabigatran reversal; Side effects: not specified

Andexanet alfa - Class of drug & MOA

NOAC antidote; decoy receptor for Factor Xa inhibitors

Andexanet alfa - Indications & Side Effects

Rivaroxaban/apixaban reversal; Side effects: not specified

Alteplase - Class of drug & MOA

Fibrinolytic (rt-PA); activates plasminogen → plasmin → clot lysis

Alteplase - Indications & Side Effects

MI, ischemic stroke, PE, DVT; Side effects: bleeding, hypotension, allergic reactions

Acetylsalicylic acid - Class of drug & MOA

Antiplatelet (COX inhibitor); irreversibly inhibits COX1 → ↓ thromboxane A₂ → ↓ platelet aggregation

Acetylsalicylic acid - Indications & Side Effects

MI/stroke prevention, unstable angina; Side effects: GI bleeding, asthma exacerbation

Clopidogrel - Class of drug & MOA

ADP receptor antagonist; irreversibly blocks P2Y12 receptor → ↓ platelet activation

Clopidogrel - Indications & Side Effects

ACS, MI/stroke prevention; Side effects: bleeding, rash, diarrhea

Bosentan - Class, MOA

Endothelin receptor antagonist. Blocks endothelin-1 from binding ETA and ETB receptors, leading to vasodilation and decreased pulmonary vascular resistance.

Bosentan - Indications, SE

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). SE: Hepatotoxicity, peripheral edema, headache, anemia, teratogenicity.

Iloprost - Class, MOA

Prostacyclin analog. Mimics PGI2, leading to vasodilation and inhibition of platelet aggregation.

Iloprost - Indications, SE

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). SE: Flushing, jaw pain, headache, hypotension, cough (inhaled form).

Alprostadil - Class, MOA

Prostaglandin E1 analog. Causes vasodilation by increasing cAMP; maintains patency of ductus arteriosus in neonates.

Alprostadil - Indications, SE

Erectile dysfunction, keeping ductus arteriosus open in congenital heart defects. SE: Penile pain, hypotension, flushing, fever.

Nitroglycerin - Class, MOA

Nitrate. Converts to NO, activates guanylate cyclase, ↑ cGMP → smooth muscle relaxation (venous > arterial).

Nitroglycerin - Indications, SE

Angina, ACS, HF. SE: Headache, hypotension, reflex tachycardia, tolerance with prolonged use.

Sildenafil - Class, MOA

PDE-5 inhibitor. Inhibits cGMP breakdown → smooth muscle relaxation and vasodilation.

Sildenafil - Indications, SE

Erectile dysfunction, PAH. SE: Headache, flushing, dyspepsia, blue-tinted vision, hypotension.

Amlodipine - Class, MOA

Dihydropyridine CCB. Blocks L-type Ca2+ channels in vascular smooth muscle → vasodilation.

Amlodipine - Indications, SE

Hypertension, angina. SE: Peripheral edema, flushing, headache, dizziness, reflex tachycardia.

Captopril - Class, MOA

ACE inhibitor. Blocks angiotensin I → II conversion → ↓ vasoconstriction, ↓ aldosterone.

Captopril - Indications, SE

HTN, HF, diabetic nephropathy, post-MI. SE: Cough, angioedema, hyperkalemia, rash, hypotension.

Valsartan - Class, MOA

ARB. Blocks angiotensin II AT1 receptors → ↓ vasoconstriction & aldosterone.

Valsartan - Indications, SE

HTN, HF, post-MI. SE: Hyperkalemia, hypotension, dizziness. Less cough/angioedema vs ACE inhibitors.