diseases test 2 | Quizlet

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Last updated 8:25 PM on 6/19/25
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70 Terms

1
New cards

Acetazolamide - Class of drug & MOA

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor; inhibits carbonic anhydrase → ↓ H⁺ available for transport → ↑ excretion of HCO₃⁻, Na⁺, K⁺

2
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Acetazolamide - Indications & Side Effects

Edema (CHF, drug-induced), seizures, glaucoma, altitude sickness; Side effects: metabolic acidosis, paresthesia, fatigue, dyspepsia, hypersensitivity, rapid tolerance

3
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Furosemide - Class of drug & MOA

Loop diuretic; inhibits Na⁺/K⁺/2Cl⁻ cotransporter → ↑ excretion of Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺

4
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Furosemide - Indications & Side Effects

Edema (CHF, liver cirrhosis, renal disease), pulmonary edema, hypertension; Side effects: hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, hyperuricemia, ototoxicity, metabolic alkalosis

5
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Indapamide - Class of drug & MOA

Thiazide-like diuretic; inhibits Na⁺/Cl⁻ cotransporter → ↑ Na⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺ excretion; ↓ Ca²⁺ excretion

6
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Indapamide - Indications & Side Effects

Hypertension, CHF edema, kidney stone prevention; Side effects: hypokalemia, hyperglycemia, hyperuricemia

7
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Spironolactone - Class of drug & MOA

K⁺-sparing diuretic (aldosterone antagonist); blocks aldosterone receptors → ↓ Na⁺ channel & Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase synthesis

8
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Spironolactone - Indications & Side Effects

Heart failure, hyperaldosteronism; Side effects: gynecomastia, breast tenderness, menstrual irregularity, hyperkalemia

9
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Amiloride - Class of drug & MOA

K⁺-sparing diuretic (ENaC blocker); directly blocks epithelial Na⁺ channel (ENaC)

10
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Amiloride - Indications & Side Effects

Hypertension, edema (used with other diuretics); Side effects: hyperkalemia

11
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Tolvaptan - Class of drug & MOA

Vasopressin V₂ receptor antagonist; blocks V₂ receptors → ↓ aquaporin expression → ↑ free water clearance

12
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Tolvaptan - Indications & Side Effects

Hyponatremia, CHF, liver cirrhosis; Side effects: thirst, polyuria, dry mouth

13
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Atorvastatin - Class of drug & MOA

Statin (HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor); inhibits HMG-CoA reductase → ↓ cholesterol synthesis; ↑ LDL receptor expression

14
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Atorvastatin - Indications & Side Effects

Hyperlipidemia, atherosclerosis, ASCVD prevention; Side effects: myopathy, rhabdomyolysis, ↑ liver enzymes, GI upset

15
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Fenofibrate - Class of drug & MOA

Fibrate; activates PPAR-α → ↑ LPL activity → ↓ VLDL & triglycerides

16
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Fenofibrate - Indications & Side Effects

Hypercholesterolemia, mixed dyslipidemia; Side effects: gallstones, myopathy (esp. with statins), GI upset

17
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Cholestyramine - Class of drug & MOA

Bile acid sequestrant; binds bile acids → ↑ cholesterol conversion to bile acids

18
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Cholestyramine - Indications & Side Effects

Isolated high LDL; Side effects: constipation, bloating, GI discomfort

19
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Niacin - Class of drug & MOA

Vitamin B3; inhibits lipolysis → ↓ FFA to liver → ↓ hepatic TG synthesis

20
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Niacin - Indications & Side Effects

Mixed dyslipidemia (↑ LDL & TGs, ↓ HDL); Side effects: flushing, hyperglycemia, hepatotoxicity, GI upset, pruritus

21
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Ezetimibe - Class of drug & MOA

Cholesterol absorption inhibitor; inhibits NPC1L1 transporter → ↓ intestinal cholesterol absorption

22
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Ezetimibe - Indications & Side Effects

High LDL (often adjunct to statins); Side effects: diarrhea, fatigue, mild liver dysfunction

23
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Verapamil - Class of drug & MOA

Class IV antiarrhythmic (Ca²⁺ channel blocker); blocks Ca²⁺ channels → ↓ AV node conduction & automaticity

24
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Verapamil - Indications & Side Effects

Atrial fibrillation/flutter; Side effects: bradycardia, hypotension, constipation

25
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Digoxin - Class of drug & MOA

Cardiac glycoside; inhibits Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase → ↑ intracellular Ca²⁺ → ↑ contractility; vagomimetic effects

26
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Digoxin - Indications & Side Effects

CHF, atrial fibrillation/flutter; Side effects: arrhythmias, GI upset, vision changes, CNS effects, electrolyte imbalances

27
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Propafenone - Class of drug & MOA

Class IC antiarrhythmic; blocks Na⁺ channels → alters refractory period & conduction

28
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Propafenone - Indications & Side Effects

Long-term rhythm control in arrhythmias; Side effects: proarrhythmia, negative inotropy (worsens HF)

29
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Amiodarone - Class of drug & MOA

Class III antiarrhythmic; blocks K⁺, Na⁺, Ca²⁺ channels & β receptors

30
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Amiodarone - Indications & Side Effects

Ventricular and atrial arrhythmias; Side effects: pulmonary fibrosis, thyroid dysfunction, hepatotoxicity, bradycardia, photosensitivity

31
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Dronedarone - Class of drug & MOA

Class III antiarrhythmic; blocks K⁺, Na⁺, Ca²⁺ channels; antiadrenergic effects

32
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Dronedarone - Indications & Side Effects

Atrial fibrillation/flutter; Side effects: fewer than amiodarone (no thyroid/pulmonary toxicity)

33
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Vernakalant - Class of drug & MOA

Class III antiarrhythmic; atrial-selective Na⁺ & K⁺ channel blocker

34
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Vernakalant - Indications & Side Effects

Acute atrial fibrillation; Side effects: sneezing, paresthesia, nausea (generally well tolerated)

35
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Epoetin alfa - Class of drug & MOA

Erythropoiesis-stimulating agent; EPO receptor agonist → stimulates RBC production

36
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Epoetin alfa - Indications & Side Effects

Anemia in CKD, chemotherapy, HIV; Side effects: HTN, thromboembolism, headache, bone pain

37
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Dalteparin - Class of drug & MOA

LMWH; activates antithrombin → inhibits Factor Xa > thrombin

38
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Dalteparin - Indications & Side Effects

DVT/PE, angina, hemodialysis; Side effects: bleeding, less HIT than UFH

39
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Warfarin - Class of drug & MOA

Vitamin K antagonist; inhibits vitamin K reductase → ↓ clotting factor synthesis (II, VII, IX, X)

40
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Warfarin - Indications & Side Effects

Thromboembolism prevention (AFib, valves); Side effects: bleeding, skin necrosis, alopecia, GI upset

41
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Dabigatran - Class of drug & MOA

NOAC (direct thrombin inhibitor); directly inhibits thrombin

42
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Dabigatran - Indications & Side Effects

Stroke prevention in AFib, DVT/PE treatment; Side effects: bleeding, GI upset, no monitoring needed

43
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Rivaroxaban - Class of drug & MOA

NOAC (Factor Xa inhibitor); inhibits Factor Xa

44
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Rivaroxaban - Indications & Side Effects

Stroke prevention, DVT/PE; Side effects: bleeding, fewer interactions, no monitoring

45
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Idarucizumab - Class of drug & MOA

NOAC antidote; monoclonal antibody fragment that binds dabigatran

46
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Idarucizumab - Indications & Side Effects

Dabigatran reversal; Side effects: not specified

47
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Andexanet alfa - Class of drug & MOA

NOAC antidote; decoy receptor for Factor Xa inhibitors

48
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Andexanet alfa - Indications & Side Effects

Rivaroxaban/apixaban reversal; Side effects: not specified

49
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Alteplase - Class of drug & MOA

Fibrinolytic (rt-PA); activates plasminogen → plasmin → clot lysis

50
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Alteplase - Indications & Side Effects

MI, ischemic stroke, PE, DVT; Side effects: bleeding, hypotension, allergic reactions

51
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Acetylsalicylic acid - Class of drug & MOA

Antiplatelet (COX inhibitor); irreversibly inhibits COX1 → ↓ thromboxane A₂ → ↓ platelet aggregation

52
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Acetylsalicylic acid - Indications & Side Effects

MI/stroke prevention, unstable angina; Side effects: GI bleeding, asthma exacerbation

53
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Clopidogrel - Class of drug & MOA

ADP receptor antagonist; irreversibly blocks P2Y12 receptor → ↓ platelet activation

54
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Clopidogrel - Indications & Side Effects

ACS, MI/stroke prevention; Side effects: bleeding, rash, diarrhea

55
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Bosentan - Class, MOA

Endothelin receptor antagonist. Blocks endothelin-1 from binding ETA and ETB receptors, leading to vasodilation and decreased pulmonary vascular resistance.

56
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Bosentan - Indications, SE

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). SE: Hepatotoxicity, peripheral edema, headache, anemia, teratogenicity.

57
New cards

Iloprost - Class, MOA

Prostacyclin analog. Mimics PGI2, leading to vasodilation and inhibition of platelet aggregation.

58
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Iloprost - Indications, SE

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). SE: Flushing, jaw pain, headache, hypotension, cough (inhaled form).

59
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Alprostadil - Class, MOA

Prostaglandin E1 analog. Causes vasodilation by increasing cAMP; maintains patency of ductus arteriosus in neonates.

60
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Alprostadil - Indications, SE

Erectile dysfunction, keeping ductus arteriosus open in congenital heart defects. SE: Penile pain, hypotension, flushing, fever.

61
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Nitroglycerin - Class, MOA

Nitrate. Converts to NO, activates guanylate cyclase, ↑ cGMP → smooth muscle relaxation (venous > arterial).

62
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Nitroglycerin - Indications, SE

Angina, ACS, HF. SE: Headache, hypotension, reflex tachycardia, tolerance with prolonged use.

63
New cards

Sildenafil - Class, MOA

PDE-5 inhibitor. Inhibits cGMP breakdown → smooth muscle relaxation and vasodilation.

64
New cards

Sildenafil - Indications, SE

Erectile dysfunction, PAH. SE: Headache, flushing, dyspepsia, blue-tinted vision, hypotension.

65
New cards

Amlodipine - Class, MOA

Dihydropyridine CCB. Blocks L-type Ca2+ channels in vascular smooth muscle → vasodilation.

66
New cards

Amlodipine - Indications, SE

Hypertension, angina. SE: Peripheral edema, flushing, headache, dizziness, reflex tachycardia.

67
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Captopril - Class, MOA

ACE inhibitor. Blocks angiotensin I → II conversion → ↓ vasoconstriction, ↓ aldosterone.

68
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Captopril - Indications, SE

HTN, HF, diabetic nephropathy, post-MI. SE: Cough, angioedema, hyperkalemia, rash, hypotension.

69
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Valsartan - Class, MOA

ARB. Blocks angiotensin II AT1 receptors → ↓ vasoconstriction & aldosterone.

70
New cards

Valsartan - Indications, SE

HTN, HF, post-MI. SE: Hyperkalemia, hypotension, dizziness. Less cough/angioedema vs ACE inhibitors.

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Imperialism Rise in Nationalism • During the French and Industrial Revolution, nationalism continued to inspire nations to increase their political and economic power. • Nationalism became the ideal force in the political, economic, and cultural life in the world, becoming the first universal ideology-organizing all people into a nation state. Nationalism Defined • The strong belief that the interest of a particular nation-state is of primary importance. o Nation-State – a state where the vast majority shares the same culture and is conscious of it. It is an ideal in which cultural boundaries match up with political ones. • As an ideology, it is based on the idea that the individual’s loyalty and devotion to the nation-state surpass other individual/group interests. • Exalting one nation’s belief above all others and placing primary emphasis on promotion of its culture and interests, excluding the interests of others. Changing the World through a Nationalistic Vision • The French Revolution significantly changed the political world and how countries govern. • The Industrial Revolution significantly changed the economic world. • The Age of Imperialism (1870-1914) dramatically changed the political, economic, and social world. What is Imperialism? • Imperialism- The policy of extending the rule of authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies. Power and influence are done through diplomacy or military force. Reasons for Imperialism • There are 5 main motives for empires to seek to expand their rule over other countries or territories: 1. Exploratory • Imperial nations wanted to explore territory unknown to them. • The main purpose for this exploration of new lands was for resource acquisition, medical or scientific research. o Charles Darwin • Other reasons: o Cartography (map making) o Adventure 2. Ethnocentric • Europeans acted on the concept of ethnocentrism o Ethnocentrism- the belief that one race or nation is superior to others. • Ethnocentrism developed out of Charles Darwin’s “survival of the fittest” theory. Philosophers used the theory to explain why there were superior races and inferior races. o This became known as Social Darwinism. • Most imperial nations believed that their cultural values or beliefs were superior to other nations or groups. • Believed imperial conquest would bring successful culture to inferior people. 3. Religious • Imperial expansion promoted a religious movement of people setting out to convert new members of conquered territories. • With the belief that Christianity was superior, missionaries believed it was their duty to spread Christianity to the world. • Christian missionaries established churches, and in doing so, they spread Western culture values as well. • Typically, missionaries spread the imperial nation's language through education and religious interactions. 4. Political • Patriotism and Nationalism helped spur our imperial growth, thus creating competition against other supremacies. • It was a matter of national pride, respect, and security. • Furthermore, European rivalry spurred nations for imperial conquest. Since land equaled power, the more land a country could acquire the more prestige they could wield across the globe. • Empires wanted strategic territory to ensure access for their navies and armies around the world. • The empire believed they must expand, thus they needed to be defended. 5. Economic • With the Industrial Revolution taking place during the same time, governments and private companies contributed to find ways to maximize profits. • Imperialized countries provided European factories and markets with natural resources (old and new) to manufacture products. • Trading posts were strategically placed around imperialized countries to maximize and increase profits. o Such places as the Suez Canal in Egypt which was controlled by the British provided strategic choke hold over many European powers. o Imperial powers competed over the best potential locations for resources, markets, and trade. History of Imperialism • Ancient Imperialism 600 BCE-500 CE o Roman Empire, Ancient China, Greek Empire, Persian Empire, Babylonian Empire. • Middle Age Imperialism (Age of Colonialism-1400-1800s) o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Netherlands (Dutch), Russia. • Age of Imperialism 1870-1914 o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Japan, United States, Ottoman Empire, Russia. • Current Imperialism...? o U.S. Military intervention (i.e. Middle East) o Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine. Imperialism Colonialism • Refers to political or economic control, either legally or illegally. • Refers to where one nation assumes control over the other. • Creating an empire, expanding into neighboring regions and expanding the dominance far outside its borders. • Where a country conquers and rules over other regions for exploiting resources from the conquered country for the conqueror's benefit. • Foreign government controls/governs a territory without significant settlement. • Foreign government controls/governs the territory from within the land being colonized. • Little to no new settlement established on fresh territory. • Movement to settle to fresh territory. Age of Colonialism WHEN? • Started around the late 1400s and ended around the late 1700s/early 1800s. WHY? • Primary Reason: European countries, wished to find a direct trade route to Asia (China & India) and the East Indies. o Quicker and relatively more effective than land routes over Asia. • Secondary Reason: Empire expansion (land power) WHO? • Countries involved: Great Britain, France, Spain, the Dutch & Portugal. • Individuals’ knowns as Mercantilists believed that maintaining imperialized territory and colonizing the region could serve as a source of wealth, while personal motives by rulers, explorers, and missionaries could therefore promote their own agenda. o This agenda being “Glory, God and Gold”. Mercantilism • Mercantilism was a popular and main economic system for many European nations during the 16th to 18th centuries. • The main goal was to increase a nation’s wealth by promoting government rule of a nation’s economy for the purpose of enhancing state power at the expense of rival national power. • It was the economic counterpart of political absolutism. Why did mercantilists want colonies? • Mercantilists believed that a country must have an excess of exports over imports. • By colonizing territory, it provided the nation with indispensable wealth of precious raw materials. • Therefore, the claimed territory served as a market and supplier of raw materials for the mother country. Which, in time, provided an excess of exports for the nation and thus created wealth. o Development of Trading Companies to support this economic system. Hudson Bay Company – (1670). Controlled primarily North America. o Dutch East Indie Trading Company (1682) o East Indian Trading Company (1600) o Royal African Trade Company (1672) WHERE? • European nations begun to colonize the America, India and the East Indies to create a direct trade route. • Great Britain was the leading power in India, Australia and North America, South Africa. • Spain colonized central and South America. • French held Louisiana, coastal land of Africa and French Guinea. • The Dutch built an empire in the East Indies. • The Portuguese was able to take control of present-day Brazil and the southern tip of South America and Japan. Age of Colonialism • As countries started to imperialize these regions, eventually the concept of colonization took hold: • This is what makes the Age of Colonialism extremely different! End of Colonialism • By 1800, colonialism became less popular • Why? o Revolutions (Spain, France & American) o The Napoleonic Wars o Struggle for nationalism and democracy. o Exhausted all money and energy to supervise their colonies. Waiting to wake again • Imperialism would stay quiet for close to 50 years before Great Britain and France’s economies revitalized. • The outbreak of the Industrial Revolution only encouraged and revitalized European nations to begin their conquest for new territory and resources. Age of Imperialism THE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA 1870-1914 Conditions Prior to Imperialism of Africa  European interest in exploiting Africa was minimal.  Their economic interests & profit in Africa primarily came through coastal trade that took place during the 1500-1700s.  The slave trade became the main source of European profit.  Furthermore, disease, political instability, lack of transportation and unpredictable climate all discouraged Europeans from seeking territory. Slave Trade & the Trans-Atlantic Slave Voyages  Forced labor was not uncommon during the 13-17th Centuries. Africans and Europeans had been trading goods and people across the Mediteranea for centuries.  This all changed from 1526 to 1867, as a new system of slavery was introduced that became highly “commercialized, racialized and inherited”  By 1690, the America and West Indies saw approximately 30,000 African people shipped from Africa. A century later, that number grew to 85,000 people per year.  By 1867, approximately 12.5 million people (about twice the population of Arizona) left Africa in a slave ship. What Changed? 1. End of the Slave Trade- Left a need for trade between Europe and Africa. 2. Innovation in technology- The steam engine and iron hulled boats allowed Europe 3. Discovery of new raw materials- Explorers located vast raw materials and resources and this only spurred imperialism with Europe in the wake of the Industrial Revolution. 4. Politics- Unification of Germany and Italy left little room to expand in Europe. Germany and Italy both needed raw materials to “catch up” with Britain and France so they looked to Africa. The Scramble for Africa  The scramble started in 1870.  Although some coastal land had previously been acquired before 1870, the need for territory quickly accelerated as European countries looked t get deeper into Africa.  Within 20 years, nearly all continents were placed under imperialistic rule. Who was Involved?  Great Britain  France  Germany  Italy  Portugal  Belgium  Spain (kind) Violent Affairs  Violence broke out multiple times when European nations looked to claim the same territory.  Germ Chancellor. Otto van Bismarck. Attempted to avert the possibility of violence against the European powers.  In 1884, Bismarck organized a conference in Berlin for the European nations. The Berlin Conference (1884-85)  The conference looked to set ground rules for future annexation of African territory by European Nations.  Annexation is the forcible acquisition and assertion of legal title over one state’s territory by another state, usually following military occupation of the territory.  From a distant perspective, it looked like it would reduce tensions among European nations and avert war.  At the heart of the meeting, these European countries negotiated their claims to African territory, made it official and then mapped their regions.  Furthermore, the leaders agreed to allow free trade among imperialized territory and some homework for negotiating future European claims in Africa was established. Further Path  After the conference, european powers continued to expand their claims in Africa so that by 1900. 90% of the African territory had been claimed. A Turn towards Colonization?  Upon the imperialization of African territory, European nations and little interest in African land unless it produced economic wealth.  Therefore, European governments put little effort and expertise into these imperialized regions.  In most cases, this emat a form of indirect rule. Thus, governing the natin without sufficient settlement and government from within the mother country. Some Exceptions  There were some exemptions through in Africa as colonization was a necessary for some regions i n Africa.  Some regions where diamonds and gold were present. Government looked to protectorate the regions and establish rule and settlement in the regions.  Protectorates: A state controlled and protected by another state for defense against aggression and other law violations. Would  Some examples include South Africa, Botswana, Zimbabwe and Congo. Conclusion  Although it may appear that the Berlin Conference averted war amid the African Scramble, imperialism eventually brought the world into worldwide conflict.  With the continued desire to create an empire by European nations. World War 1 would break out which can be linked to this quest at imperialism.
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Imperialism Rise in Nationalism • During the French and Industrial Revolution, nationalism continued to inspire nations to increase their political and economic power. • Nationalism became the ideal force in the political, economic, and cultural life in the world, becoming the first universal ideology-organizing all people into a nation state. Nationalism Defined • The strong belief that the interest of a particular nation-state is of primary importance. o Nation-State – a state where the vast majority shares the same culture and is conscious of it. It is an ideal in which cultural boundaries match up with political ones. • As an ideology, it is based on the idea that the individual’s loyalty and devotion to the nation-state surpass other individual/group interests. • Exalting one nation’s belief above all others and placing primary emphasis on promotion of its culture and interests, excluding the interests of others. Changing the World through a Nationalistic Vision • The French Revolution significantly changed the political world and how countries govern. • The Industrial Revolution significantly changed the economic world. • The Age of Imperialism (1870-1914) dramatically changed the political, economic, and social world. What is Imperialism? • Imperialism- The policy of extending the rule of authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies. Power and influence are done through diplomacy or military force. Reasons for Imperialism • There are 5 main motives for empires to seek to expand their rule over other countries or territories: 1. Exploratory • Imperial nations wanted to explore territory unknown to them. • The main purpose for this exploration of new lands was for resource acquisition, medical or scientific research. o Charles Darwin • Other reasons: o Cartography (map making) o Adventure 2. Ethnocentric • Europeans acted on the concept of ethnocentrism o Ethnocentrism- the belief that one race or nation is superior to others. • Ethnocentrism developed out of Charles Darwin’s “survival of the fittest” theory. Philosophers used the theory to explain why there were superior races and inferior races. o This became known as Social Darwinism. • Most imperial nations believed that their cultural values or beliefs were superior to other nations or groups. • Believed imperial conquest would bring successful culture to inferior people. 3. Religious • Imperial expansion promoted a religious movement of people setting out to convert new members of conquered territories. • With the belief that Christianity was superior, missionaries believed it was their duty to spread Christianity to the world. • Christian missionaries established churches, and in doing so, they spread Western culture values as well. • Typically, missionaries spread the imperial nation's language through education and religious interactions. 4. Political • Patriotism and Nationalism helped spur our imperial growth, thus creating competition against other supremacies. • It was a matter of national pride, respect, and security. • Furthermore, European rivalry spurred nations for imperial conquest. Since land equaled power, the more land a country could acquire the more prestige they could wield across the globe. • Empires wanted strategic territory to ensure access for their navies and armies around the world. • The empire believed they must expand, thus they needed to be defended. 5. Economic • With the Industrial Revolution taking place during the same time, governments and private companies contributed to find ways to maximize profits. • Imperialized countries provided European factories and markets with natural resources (old and new) to manufacture products. • Trading posts were strategically placed around imperialized countries to maximize and increase profits. o Such places as the Suez Canal in Egypt which was controlled by the British provided strategic choke hold over many European powers. o Imperial powers competed over the best potential locations for resources, markets, and trade. History of Imperialism • Ancient Imperialism 600 BCE-500 CE o Roman Empire, Ancient China, Greek Empire, Persian Empire, Babylonian Empire. • Middle Age Imperialism (Age of Colonialism-1400-1800s) o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Netherlands (Dutch), Russia. • Age of Imperialism 1870-1914 o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Japan, United States, Ottoman Empire, Russia. • Current Imperialism...? o U.S. Military intervention (i.e. Middle East) o Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine. Imperialism Colonialism • Refers to political or economic control, either legally or illegally. • Refers to where one nation assumes control over the other. • Creating an empire, expanding into neighboring regions and expanding the dominance far outside its borders. • Where a country conquers and rules over other regions for exploiting resources from the conquered country for the conqueror's benefit. • Foreign government controls/governs a territory without significant settlement. • Foreign government controls/governs the territory from within the land being colonized. • Little to no new settlement established on fresh territory. • Movement to settle to fresh territory. Age of Colonialism WHEN? • Started around the late 1400s and ended around the late 1700s/early 1800s. WHY? • Primary Reason: European countries, wished to find a direct trade route to Asia (China & India) and the East Indies. o Quicker and relatively more effective than land routes over Asia. • Secondary Reason: Empire expansion (land power) WHO? • Countries involved: Great Britain, France, Spain, the Dutch & Portugal. • Individuals’ knowns as Mercantilists believed that maintaining imperialized territory and colonizing the region could serve as a source of wealth, while personal motives by rulers, explorers, and missionaries could therefore promote their own agenda. o This agenda being “Glory, God and Gold”. Mercantilism • Mercantilism was a popular and main economic system for many European nations during the 16th to 18th centuries. • The main goal was to increase a nation’s wealth by promoting government rule of a nation’s economy for the purpose of enhancing state power at the expense of rival national power. • It was the economic counterpart of political absolutism. Why did mercantilists want colonies? • Mercantilists believed that a country must have an excess of exports over imports. • By colonizing territory, it provided the nation with indispensable wealth of precious raw materials. • Therefore, the claimed territory served as a market and supplier of raw materials for the mother country. Which, in time, provided an excess of exports for the nation and thus created wealth. o Development of Trading Companies to support this economic system. Hudson Bay Company – (1670). Controlled primarily North America. o Dutch East Indie Trading Company (1682) o East Indian Trading Company (1600) o Royal African Trade Company (1672) WHERE? • European nations begun to colonize the America, India and the East Indies to create a direct trade route. • Great Britain was the leading power in India, Australia and North America, South Africa. • Spain colonized central and South America. • French held Louisiana, coastal land of Africa and French Guinea. • The Dutch built an empire in the East Indies. • The Portuguese was able to take control of present-day Brazil and the southern tip of South America and Japan. Age of Colonialism • As countries started to imperialize these regions, eventually the concept of colonization took hold: • This is what makes the Age of Colonialism extremely different! End of Colonialism • By 1800, colonialism became less popular • Why? o Revolutions (Spain, France & American) o The Napoleonic Wars o Struggle for nationalism and democracy. o Exhausted all money and energy to supervise their colonies. Waiting to wake again • Imperialism would stay quiet for close to 50 years before Great Britain and France’s economies revitalized. • The outbreak of the Industrial Revolution only encouraged and revitalized European nations to begin their conquest for new territory and resources. Age of Imperialism THE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA 1870-1914 Conditions Prior to Imperialism of Africa  European interest in exploiting Africa was minimal.  Their economic interests & profit in Africa primarily came through coastal trade that took place during the 1500-1700s.  The slave trade became the main source of European profit.  Furthermore, disease, political instability, lack of transportation and unpredictable climate all discouraged Europeans from seeking territory. Slave Trade & the Trans-Atlantic Slave Voyages  Forced labor was not uncommon during the 13-17th Centuries. Africans and Europeans had been trading goods and people across the Mediteranea for centuries.  This all changed from 1526 to 1867, as a new system of slavery was introduced that became highly “commercialized, racialized and inherited”  By 1690, the America and West Indies saw approximately 30,000 African people shipped from Africa. A century later, that number grew to 85,000 people per year.  By 1867, approximately 12.5 million people (about twice the population of Arizona) left Africa in a slave ship. What Changed? 1. End of the Slave Trade- Left a need for trade between Europe and Africa. 2. Innovation in technology- The steam engine and iron hulled boats allowed Europe 3. Discovery of new raw materials- Explorers located vast raw materials and resources and this only spurred imperialism with Europe in the wake of the Industrial Revolution. 4. Politics- Unification of Germany and Italy left little room to expand in Europe. Germany and Italy both needed raw materials to “catch up” with Britain and France so they looked to Africa. The Scramble for Africa  The scramble started in 1870.  Although some coastal land had previously been acquired before 1870, the need for territory quickly accelerated as European countries looked t get deeper into Africa.  Within 20 years, nearly all continents were placed under imperialistic rule. Who was Involved?  Great Britain  France  Germany  Italy  Portugal  Belgium  Spain (kind) Violent Affairs  Violence broke out multiple times when European nations looked to claim the same territory.  Germ Chancellor. Otto van Bismarck. Attempted to avert the possibility of violence against the European powers.  In 1884, Bismarck organized a conference in Berlin for the European nations. The Berlin Conference (1884-85)  The conference looked to set ground rules for future annexation of African territory by European Nations.  Annexation is the forcible acquisition and assertion of legal title over one state’s territory by another state, usually following military occupation of the territory.  From a distant perspective, it looked like it would reduce tensions among European nations and avert war.  At the heart of the meeting, these European countries negotiated their claims to African territory, made it official and then mapped their regions.  Furthermore, the leaders agreed to allow free trade among imperialized territory and some homework for negotiating future European claims in Africa was established. Further Path  After the conference, european powers continued to expand their claims in Africa so that by 1900. 90% of the African territory had been claimed. A Turn towards Colonization?  Upon the imperialization of African territory, European nations and little interest in African land unless it produced economic wealth.  Therefore, European governments put little effort and expertise into these imperialized regions.  In most cases, this emat a form of indirect rule. Thus, governing the natin without sufficient settlement and government from within the mother country. Some Exceptions  There were some exemptions through in Africa as colonization was a necessary for some regions i n Africa.  Some regions where diamonds and gold were present. Government looked to protectorate the regions and establish rule and settlement in the regions.  Protectorates: A state controlled and protected by another state for defense against aggression and other law violations. Would  Some examples include South Africa, Botswana, Zimbabwe and Congo. Conclusion  Although it may appear that the Berlin Conference averted war amid the African Scramble, imperialism eventually brought the world into worldwide conflict.  With the continued desire to create an empire by European nations. World War 1 would break out which can be linked to this quest at imperialism.
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