Module 2 - Kinesiology

What is anatomy?

Structure of body parts and their relationships to one another

What is physiology?

How the body parts function to perform life-sustaining activities (physiological processes)

What does function always reflect?

Stucture

What is the structural organization of a living organism?

• Chemical

• Cellular

• Tissue

• Organ

• Organ system

• Organism

What are the human body systems?

• Integumentary (skin)

• Skeletal

• Muscular

• Nervous

• Endocrine

• Cardiovascular

• Lymphatic

• Respiratory

• Digestive

• Urinary

• Reproductive

Function of skeletal sys.

internal support and production of blood cells

Function of muscular sys.

human movement and production of body heat

Function of nervous sys.

controls muscular system, learning, memory

Function of endocrine sys.

hormonal secretions for chemical regulation

Function of cardiovascular sys.

blood, heart, arteries, veins

Function of lymphatic sys.

take up water within the system/disease control

Function of integumentary sys.

protection, external support, maintain water, cools the body

Function of respiratory sys.

removal of waste products/detoxification

Function of digestive sys.

breakdown/absorption of food products into the blood

Function of the urinary sys.

water and waste balance

Function of the reproductive sys.

aids in production of future organisms

What does the skeletal system consist of?

bone, cartilage, tendon,ligament

How many bones does the human body have?

206

Two groups the 206 bones are divided into?

• Axial

• Appendicular

Parts of the AXIAL skeleton

skull, vertebrae, sacrum, sternum, ribs

What are joints?

Articulations between two or more bones

Types of joints?

• Pivot

• Hinge

• Saddle

• Plane

• Condyloid

• Ball-and-socket

What do muscles do?

Contract to cause gross or fine movements

How many muscles?

650

Types of muscle tissue?

Skeletal, smooth, cardiac

Aspects of skeletal muscle tissue?

• attaches to bone, skin, fascia

• Striations

• Voluntary

Aspects of smooth muscle tissue?

• found in the walls of hollow viscera

• Elongated, non-striated

• Slow, sustained, involuntary

Aspects of cardiac muscle tissue?

• Heart

• Striated

• Involuntary

What are the major muscle groups of the upper extremity and core?

• Trapezius

• Brachii (arms)

  • Biceps

  • Triceps

• Pectoralis Major

• Deltoids

• Latissimus Dorsi

• Recuts Abdominus (the 6-pack)

• External/Internal Obliques

• Flexors/Extensors of forearm

What are the major muscle groups of the lower extremity?

• Quads

• Hamstrings

• Tibialis anterior

• Gastrocnemius

• Soleus

• Gluteus muscles

• Plantar/Dorsiflexors of the lower leg

What is muscle OIA?

• Origin

  • where muscle begins

    • proximal

• Insertion

  • where muscle ends (distal)

• Action

  • Performance of the muscle contraction

Types of muscle actions?

• Flexion/Extension/Hyperextension

• Abduction/Adduction

• Internal Rotation/External Rotation

• Pronation/Supination

• Dorsiflexion/Plantarflexion

Types of muscle contractions?

(Iso = same)

• Isotonic

  • contracts, changes length

  • Concentric (shortening)

  • Eccentric (lengthening)

• Isometric

  • contracts, does NOT change length

What does the nervous system do?

Controls and integrates all body activites that maintain life

What are the 3 overlapping functions of the nervous system?

• sensory input

• integration

• motor output

What are the 2 divisions of the nervous system

• Central (CNS) - brain and spinal cord

  • cannot grow back

• Peripheral (PNS) - cranial and spinal nerves

  • can grow back (very slowly)

What are nerve cells?

the structural units of the nervous system

Whta do neurons do?

• Receive/ transmit messages in the form of nerve impulses

• Innervate muscles to cause contractions

3 main parts of a neuron?

• Cell body

• Dendrites

• Axon

Where does the neuromuscular junction occur?

In the synapse

What does the bone do in the skeletal sys.?

support, movement, protection, storage, and hemtopoiesis

What does the cartilage do in the skeletal sys.?

covers ends of bones to allow for smooth joint motion, shock absorption, structure of ear and septum

What do the tendons do in the skeletal sys.

connects muscle to bone

What do ligaments do in the skeletal sys.

connects bone to bone

Parts of the upper appendicular skeleton?

• Humerus

• Radius

• Ulna

• Scapula

• Carpals

• Metacarpals & Phalanges

Parts of the lower appendicular skeleton?

• Pelvic girdle

• Femur

• Patella

• Tibia

• Fibula

• Tarsals

• Calcaneus

• Metatarsals & Phalanges

Which chemical triggers action potential in the muscle cell?

Acetylcholine (ACh)

What is goniometry?

Science and technique of measuring angles

Why measure joint motion?

• find restrictions

• establish a diagnosis

• document improvement

• measurement is essential in assessment

• to motivate the subject

• used for research purposes

What does gonia mean? What does metron mean?

Angle, measure

Parts of a universal goniometer

• body

• fulcrum

• stationary arm

• moving arm

Where is the fulcrum placed?

Over the joint

What is the stationary arm aligned with?

the inactive part of the joint

What is the moving arm aligned with?

the moving part of the joint

Principles of measurement

• Made in degrees of ROM

  • movement of the distal segment on proximal segment

• At the anatomical position, the joints start at 0

• Must indicate if either active or passive

• Identify reason for range limitation if possible

Types of joint motion?

• Osteokinematics (bone motion)

• Arthrokinematics (joint motion)

What are the planes and axes

• Sagittal = flexion & extension

  • frontal/medial - lateral axis

• Frontal = abduction & adduction

  • antero-posterior axis

• Transverse = rotation

  • longitudinal or vertical axis

Functional tasks are?

Multi-joint & multi-planar

What is range of motion (ROM)?

Total amount of motion available at joint

What is the range of motion for shoulder flexion?

180 degrees

What is the range of motion for shoulder abduction?

180 degrees

What is the range of motion for elbow flexion?

145 degrees

What is the range of motion for knee flexion?

135 degrees

What is active ROM

using the musculature - the person moves the joint as far as possible

What can active ROM determine?

the willingness to move, muscle strength, and coordination

What is passive ROM?

the excursion or arc of the joint when the person is relaxed (no muscle work)

Which type of ROM (active/passive) generally has more ROM?

Passive

Passive ROM can give information about…?

the integrity of the joint

What is End Feel

The characteristic “feel” that limits ROM

Types of normal or abnormal ROM?

• Soft or tissue approximation-normal

• Firm-normal

  • ligamentous

• Hard-normal

  • bony

• Empty-abnormal

  • usually associated with pain

What are some contraindictions to ROM tests?

• Dislocation/unhealed fracture

• Immediately following surgery

  • unhealed tissue

• Regions of osteoporosis

What is Intra-rater reliability?

Determines how well the same person can take a measurement, time and time again

• assessed using a correlation function

• can calculate measurement error or variability

• reported as a ± around a mean

What is Inter-rater reliability?

Determines whether a measure varies between individuals

• Different training, experience, technique

What is the anatomical position?

A common visual reference point

Characteristics of the anatomical position?

• Person stands erect with feet together and eyes forward

• Palms face anteriorly with the thumbs pointed away from the body

What is the axial region?

The main axis of the body (the body w/o appendages: head, spine, ribs, pelvis)

What is the appendicular region?

The limbs

Directional terminology refers to what?

The body in anatomical position

Standardized terms of directions are…?

Paired terms

Superior (cranial)

Toward the head end or upper part of a structure/body; above

Inferior (caudal)

Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure/body; below

Anterior (ventral)

Toward or at the front of the body; in front of

Posterior (dorsal)

Toward or at the back of the body; behind

Medial

Toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of

Lateral

Away from the midline of the body'; on the outer side of

Proximal

close to the origin of a body part

Distal

farther away from of a body part

Superficial (external)

Toward or at body surface

Deep (internal)

Away from the body surface; more internal

Ipsilateral

On the same side

Contralateral

On opposite sides

Parts within the cephalic region (anterior)?

• Frontal (forehead)

• Orbital (eyes)

• Nasal (nose)

• Oral (mouth)

• Mental (chin)

Where is the cervical region? (both anterior and posterior)

On the neck

Parts of the thoracic region? (anterior)

• sternal (sterum)

• axillary (side chest)

• mammary (chest)

Parts of the upper limb region? (anterior)

• acromial (shoulder)

• brachial (bicep)

• antecubital (elbow)

• antebrachial (forearm)

• carpal (wrist)

Parts of the manus region? (anterior)

• pollex (thumb)

• palmar (palm)

• digital (finger)

Parts of the abdominal region? (anterior)

• umbilical (belly button)

• pelvic

Where is the inguinal region? (anterior)

the groin

What is part of the pubic region? (anterior)

genitals

Parts of the lower limb region? (anterior)

• coxal (hip)

• femoral (thigh)

• patellar (knee)

• crural (leg)

• fibular or peroneal (shin)