THE TEACHER AND THE COMMUNITY, SCHOOL CULTURE AND ORGANIZATIONAL LEADERSHIP

THE TEACHER AND THE COMMUNITY, SCHOOL CULTURE AND ORGANIZATIONAL LEADERSHIP

Aristotle

Who is credited with the quote, 'The roots of education are bitter, but the fruit is sweet'?

Society

What term describes a group of people whose members interact, reside in a definable area, and share a culture?

Community

A social group of any size whose members reside in a specific locality and share a common historical heritage is called a _____.

Culture

Which concept includes a group's shared practices, values, beliefs, norms, and artifacts?

Organizational Leadership

A responsibility that involves communicating mission/vision, strategic planning, and inspiring individuals to fulfill goals.

To consider how current practices can be improved or changed to meet future needs.

Why is organizational leadership needed at every level of an institution?

False

True or False:

Organizational leadership discourages team members from having a growth mindset.

A psychologically safe atmosphere

In organizational leadership, what kind of atmosphere allows great ideas to emerge because people are not afraid to speak up?

Inclusion

Organizational leaders model four key interpersonal values: communication, ethics, respect, and _____.

Axiology

The study of values and ethics, asking 'What is good?'.

Epistemology

Which branch of philosophy is concerned with the theory of knowledge and how we know what is true?

Metaphysics

The study of the fundamental nature of reality, asking 'What is real?'.

Hilda Taba

The 1962 theorist who identified three main purposes for education.

• Transmit cultural heritage

• Transform the culture

• Maximize human potential

List the three purposes for education according to Hilda Taba.

Leisure time

The Seven Cardinal Principles include Health, Citizenship, and Worthy use of _____.

Vocational competence

The Cardinal Principle relating to a student's future job or career.

Command of fundamental processes

The Cardinal Principle focused on the mastery of basic academic skills like reading and writing.

False

True or False:

Essentialism is a progressive view of curriculum.

Essentialism

Which educational philosophy holds schools responsible for only the most immediately needed instruction?

• To promote reasoning

• train the mind

• ensure a common culture for all citizens

What is the primary goal of Essentialism in education?

Broad; shallow

Experimentalism is associated with a curriculum described as _____ but _____.

Experimentalism

Which philosophy prefers constructivistic approaches like 'Discipline with Dignity'?

When traditional methods have become ineffective or programs have become stagnant.

When is Experimentalism considered most effective in a school program?

Experimentalism

Perennialism : Time-honored classics

_____ : Future-related subjects

• Standardized tests

• teacher-made tests

• memory work

What is the primary evaluation methodology for a Perennialist teacher?

Muscle

Perennialists view the mind as a _____, requiring rigorous exercise like spelling bees.

By being strict with punishment and reward.

How does a Perennialist classroom manager typically handle discipline?

Behaviorism

Which philosophy relies heavily on scientific studies to shape the world into a better place?

Behaviorism

A teacher rewards a student with a special treat at the end of the week for good behavior. Which philosophy is being implemented?

Special education situations or alternative/problem schools.

In which educational setting does Behaviorism particularly 'shine'?

Golden age

Reconstructionists believe that education should recreate society to be like a _____ from the past.

False

True or False:

Reconstructionists are highly oriented toward the use of new technology.

To improve and reconstruct society and create a worldwide democracy.

What is the primary goal of Reconstructionism?

Existentialism

Which philosophy emphasizes self-esteem, personal agency, and individual existence?

To enable individuals to develop unique qualities and cultivate their individualities.

What is the goal of Existentialism in the classroom?

Perennialism

An educational philosophy that focuses on everlasting ideas and universal truths, often through the classics.

Love; wisdom

Etymology:

Philo means _____ and Sophos means _____.

Individuality and change

Is Progressivism more closely aligned with individuality and change or with tradition and stability?

That learners actively construct or make their own knowledge.

What is the 'core belief' of Constructivism?

Logic

Which branch of philosophy asks 'What is the nature of reasoning?

Metaphysics

According to the 'Branches of Philosophy' table, which branch is concerned with the curriculum?

Ethics

A sub-branch of Axiology involving the questioning of morals and personal values.

Aesthetics

A sub-branch of Axiology involving the examination of what is beautiful or tasteful.

General; specific

Deductive reasoning involves moving from a _____ case to _____ cases.

Specific examples; general principles

Inductive reasoning involves taking _____ and considering the _____ that caused them.

Social System

An interdependent set of cultural and structural elements that function as a unit.

• Structural

• Cultural

• Political

• Individual

In the School as a Social System model, what are the four systems within the 'Transformation Process'?

Structural

In the school social system, 'Bureaucratic Expectations' belong to the _____ system.

Individual

In the school social system, 'Cognition and Motivation' belong to the _____ system.

The teaching-learning process

What constitutes the 'Technical Core' of a school?

False

True or False:

In a social system, 'Politics' refers to the formal power relations outlined in the school handbook.

The Environment

What functions as the 'source of energy' for the school system, providing resources and values?

Outcomes

In the school social system model, 'Educated Students' are categorized as _____.

To inform individuals how the bureaucratic and informal structures view their behavior.

What is the purpose of 'Feedback Loops' in a school system?

Community of Practice

A group of people sharing a common concern or interest who come together to fulfill individual and group goals.

• Domain

• Community

• Practice

What are the three characteristics of a Community of Practice?

School Learning Action Cells

What does the acronym SLAC stand for in a professional learning context?

LAC Leader

A Learning Action Cell (LAC) is typically facilitated by the school head or a designated _____.

Biological inheritance

According to E.A. Hoebel, culture is NOT the result of _____.

Lapiere

Which theorist defined culture as the 'embodiment in customs and tradition of the learning of a social group over the generation'?

Environment

Koenig defined culture as man's efforts to adjust to his _____ and improve his modes of living.

Tabula rasa

What concept suggests a child is born as a 'blank slate' and learns culture through growth?

False

True or False:

Culture is static and cannot be transferred from one generation to another.

Material

Houses, cars, and dams are examples of _____ culture.

Non-material

Beliefs, values, and traditions are examples of _____ culture

National

Traits that represent a nation's distinct character and mode of thinking are called _____ culture.

To fulfill survival needs and make life comfortable.

What is one primary importance of material culture?

Peace; tranquility

One importance of non-material culture is to regulate behavior to maintain _____ and _____ in society.

Joseph H. Fichter

Who defined change as a 'variation from a previous stage or mode of existence'?

Cultural Lag

The disharmony that occurs when material and non-material aspects of culture do not evolve at the same rate.

Cultural Diffusion

The process by which cultural elements are borrowed from another society is called _____.

Cultural Integration

A cultural exchange where one group adopts beliefs of another without sacrificing its own culture.

Verbal information

Which type of learning outcome is concerned with facts, names, and places?

Cognitive strategies

Which type of learning outcome involves skills for learning such as organizing and thinking?

Motor skills

Learning outcomes involving the manipulation of things using muscular movement are called _____.

Attitude

An internal state that affects personal choices and actions over an object, person, or event.

Norms

What are the rules and guidelines that restrict and specify the behavior of an individual or group?

Social Stratification

The process of placing people in hierarchical layers based on social inequalities is called _____.

Vertical Mobility

Movement of a person from one social position to another of a different rank.

Inter-generational mobility

What type of mobility occurs when changes in social rank happen between different generations?

Group

Structural mobility refers to the vertical movement of a specific _____ relative to others.

Horizontal mobility

What type of mobility occurs when a person moves to a different social position of the same rank?

False

True or False:

According to the text, any society can be completely free from stratification.

• Education

• occupation

• income

• wealth

In urban-industrial societies, what are the four main correlates of social stratification?

• Slavery

• estates

• caste

• class

Name four historical types of social stratification

Politics

The school system component that spawns informal power relations to resist legitimate control.

Teaching and learning

What is the primary mission of schools that shapes all administrative decisions?

Values

Epistemology : Knowledge

Axiology : _____.

Lag

Cultural _____ occurs due to mechanical obstacles or a scarcity of invention.

Existentialism

A student chooses their own project topic and finds their own meaning in the assignment. Which philosophy does this reflect?

Inductive reasoning

Which branch of logic takes specific examples and considers the general principles that caused them?

Meaning

The 'Seven Cardinal Principles' were intended to give _____ to the educational process.

False

True or False:

Experimentalists prefer a fixed, unchanging curriculum.

Feedback

In the social system diagram, what is the term for the 'discrepancy between actual and expected performance'?

• Domain

• Community

• Practice

What are the three core elements of a Community of Practice?

Horton and Hunt

Which theorist defines culture as everything which is socially shared and learned by members of a society?

True

True or False:

Non-material culture can be observed when people translate it into action.

Cultural Integration

The process of assumption of beliefs from another group without losing original characteristics.

Verbal information

Which learning category is concerned with 'declarative knowledge' like facts and names?