Studied by 14 people
2.7, 2.6, 2.8, 2.10, ~2.11, 2.5, 2.3, NOT 2.12, 2.13, 2.2, 2.4
Demography/demographic
Study of population
Ecumene
Areas with permanent human settlements
Physical Factors that Influence Population Distribution
Climate, landforms, water bodies, soil, etc
Human Factors that Influence Population Distribution
Culture, economics, history, politics, etc
Population Density
Number of people in relation to space occupied
Arithmetic Density
Number of people per unit area of land
- ex: 100 people per square kilometer
Physiological Density
Number of people per arable land
- more arable = more people
Arable land
Agriculturally productive/fertile
Agricultural Density
Number of farmers per unit arable land
- more developed = lower agricultural density/less farmers
Carrying Capacity
Number of people that can survive in an area
Technology can increase or decrease population density?
Increase
Population Distribution and Density’s Effect on Politics
- Higher Population = more political sway because there’s more voters
- rural and urban areas have different political needs and often disagree
Population Distribution and Density’s Effect on Economic
- More jobs=higher population because people need to work
- urban areas have more jobs
Population Distribution and Density’s Effect on Social Processes
- Higher Population = more social needs
- social needs include healthcare, entertainment, education, etc.
- urban areas can provide these better
Population Distribution and Density’s Effect On the Environment and Natural Resources
Higher Population=Less resources because you’re sharing with more people and they get used faster.
Demographic Momentum
It’s harder to shrink a rapidly growing population
Consequences of Overpopulation
- Job shortages
- Housing shortages
- more schools needed
- more sick people, more babies, etc.
Consequences of Underpopulation
Labor shortages, loss of heritage
Fertility Indicators
Population’s ability to reproduce
Total Fertility Rate
Average number of children women have in the reproductive years
Replacement Fertility Rate
Number of births needed to keep a stable population
Crude Birth Rate
Number of live births per 1000 of population in a year
Natural Rate of Increase (RNI)
Crude birth rate - crude death rate
Distribution of Highest RNI
Sub-Saharan Africa has highest RNI
Zero Population Growth (ZPG)
Stable Population, doesn’t increase or decrease
Doubling Time
Projected amount of time it’ll take a population to double
Mortality Indicators
When/how societies approach death
Infant Mortality Rate
Number of deaths per 1000 live births of kids under 1
Ex: 10 infant deaths for every 1000 births
Child Mortality Rate
Number of deaths per 1000 live births of kids under 5
Ex: 10 child deaths for every 1000 births
Crude Death Rate
Number of deaths in a specific area per 1000 people
Life Expectancy
Average number of years people expect to live
- varies by region
Outward Migration Rates
People leaving an area
- affects population and population structure
Inward Migration Rates
People entering an area
- affects population and population structure
Social Effect on Fertility
- Women’s Role in Society
- Religious views on BC and abortion
- Elders wanting kids to take care of them
Political Effect on Fertility
Pro and Anti Natal Policies
Economic Effect on Fertility
- Higher Economic Development=Lower BR
- Kids are seen and work assets in Agrarian Society
- Kids are seen as economic liabilities in developed countries
Educations Effect on Fertility
More educated women=lower BR bc women are more financially independent
Healthcares Effect on Fertility
Better healthcare=lower BR
- parents in LDC have 7 kids with the expectation of 2 dying bc of poor healthcare, so they have more kids to counter act that. With better healthcare, parents don’t have to worry about their kids dying and have.
Malthusian Theory
World population grows exponentially while resource supplies grow arithmetically leading to a lack of resources.
His solution: don’t assist poor people as they’re the cause of overpopulation.
Malthusian Theory Criticisms
- didn’t account for technological advances
- didn’t consider how migration would redistribute the population
Neo-Malthusians
believe the population will outstrip resources and that overpopulation needs to be addressed now
- survival of the fittest, social Darwinism, lifeboat ethics, cutting aid and restricting resource from LDCs
Cornucopians
Believe humans will solve any problem with human ingenuity
- increased population will motivate scientific development
Ester Boserup
Founded Cornucopian Theory
Pro-Natal Policies
Encourage pregnancy to increase population growth.
- baby schemes
- parental leave
- childcare costs offsets
Anti-Natal Policies
Discourage pregnancy to control/slow population growth.
Global Replacement Rate
2.1 births per woman
Ways to INCREASE population
- increase immigration
- Increase women’s access to healthcare
- financial incentives for giving birth
- parental leave policies
Ways to DECREASE population
- Improve women’s educational, political, social, etc. status
- Implement laws to regulate the number of kids
Baby Bonus Schemes
Financial incentive to have kids
- pro-natal policy
Parental Leave
time off work after having a kid
- pro-natal policy
Offsetting Childcare Costs
government assists with childcare costs
- pro-natal policy
Consequences of an Aging Population
- worker shortage
- cost of caring for the elderly (retirement homes, etc)
Consequences of Young Population
- Future Job shortage
- Need more Education infrastructure
- Stress on prenatal/child Health Care
- Housing shortage
Dependency Ratio
Comparison of Old and Young Dependents to Working-Age Independents
- More dependents=more support needed
Birth Restrictions
Laws that restrict to number of kids a family can have
- anti-natal policy
Biggest Cause of Immigration
Economic Opportunities
Push Factor
Factors that impel/push people AWAY from an area
Pull Factor
Factors that compel/pull people TO an area
Cultural Push Factors
Changes or lack thereof of societal norms
Demographic Push Factors
When the push factor only affects a certain demographic.
Economic Push Factors
Lack of economic opportunities (jobs)
Environmental Push Factors
Natural Disasters
Political Push Factors
war, conflict, oppressive government, fear of persecution, etc.
Environmental Pull Factors
Favorable Climate
Cultural Pull Factors
Religious freedom, similar ethnic groups, language, education, entertainment
Economic Pull Factors
- New job opportunity
- Lower Cost of Living
- Higher Salary
Demographic Pull Factors
when the pull factor relates to the push factor
ex: refugees fleeing war are pulled to peaceful places
Political Pull Factors
Political freedom, stable govt, more favorable laws, fewer restrictions
Migration
The long-term relocation of an individual/group to another area
Internal Migration
Migration within an area
The Gravity Model
Denser and closer places have more pull on migrants than smaller and distant places
ex: Mexican migrants moving to the USA would go to San Antonio rather than Iowa
Step Migration
long-distance migration i done in steps
Intervening Opportunities
- Assistance with the migration/transition process
ex: job opportunities, assistance programs, positive perception of immigrants, etc.
Intervening Obstacles
- Hinders the migration/transition process
ex: challenging physical geography, restrictive immigration policies, cultural/language barrier, negative perception of immigrants, etc.
Counter/Return Migration
return of migrants to their original area
- every migration wave triggers counter migration
Cyclical Movement
movement on a closed route that happens on a regular basis.
Activity Space
- Area in which you go about your daily routine
- Type of Cyclical Movement
ex: commuting
Pastoral Nomadism
- Purposeful movement along specific routes
- Type of Cyclical Movement
ex: pastoral nomads move their animals to water sources and pastures an a regular basis
Compelled Voluntary Migration
Someone choosing to move because of pull factors
Periodic Movements
ex: transhumance, seasonal movement, college students
Transhumance Movement
Moving animals up mountains in summer and back down in winter
Seasonal Movement
Seasonal movement for work
Chain Migration/Kinship Links
domino effect of one person migrating influencing others to migrate
Guest Worker
LEGAL immigrant who has a work visa
- short-term migration
Remittances
- money sent to relatives in other country
- important part of economy for LDCs
Rural to Urban Migration
Migration to rural/suburban areas to urban areas
Forced Migration
When people are forced to migrate
Impelled Voluntary Migration
When people choose to leave an area due to push factors and probably won’t survive if they stay
Asylum Seeker
Refugee seeking legal protection
Refugee
- impelled migrant
- crosses borders
What Population Pyramid shows Rapid Growth?
A
What Population Pyramid shows Moderate/Medium Growth?
B
What Population Pyramid shows Slow Growth?
C
What Population Pyramid shows Negative Growth?
D
Population Pyramid
Bar graph that shows age-sex population distribution
DTM: Billy White loses his job as a gravedigger.
2
DTM: Parents start to think more about family planning.
3
DTM: Regional migration from rural areas to large urban areas.
2/3
DTM: Children are warmer in bed at night because they have more brothers and sisters.
2
DTM: There are more golden wedding anniversaries (50 year anniversary)
4/5
Note 
Flashcard (24)