AP HUG unit 2

2.7, 2.6, 2.8, 2.10, ~2.11, 2.5, 2.3, NOT 2.12, 2.13, 2.2, 2.4

Demography/demographic

Study of population

Ecumene

Areas with permanent human settlements

Physical Factors that Influence Population Distribution

Climate, landforms, water bodies, soil, etc

Human Factors that Influence Population Distribution

Culture, economics, history, politics, etc

Population Density

Number of people in relation to space occupied

Arithmetic Density

Number of people per unit area of land

\- ex: 100 people per square kilometer

Physiological Density

Number of people per arable land

\- more arable = more people

Arable land

Agriculturally productive/fertile

Agricultural Density

Number of farmers per unit arable land

- more developed = lower agricultural density/less farmers

Carrying Capacity

Number of people that can survive in an area

Technology can increase or decrease population density?

Increase

Population Distribution and Density’s Effect on Politics

\- **Higher Population = more political sway** because there’s more voters

\- rural and urban areas have different political needs and often disagree

Population Distribution and Density’s Effect on Economic

\- **More jobs=higher population** because people need to work

\- urban areas have more jobs

Population Distribution and Density’s Effect on Social Processes

\- **Higher Population = more social needs**

\- social needs include healthcare, entertainment, education, etc.

\- urban areas can provide these better

Population Distribution and Density’s  Effect On the Environment and Natural Resources

**Higher Population=Less resources** because you’re sharing with more people and they get used faster.

Demographic Momentum

It’s harder to shrink a rapidly growing population

Consequences of Overpopulation

- Job shortages

- Housing shortages

- more schools needed

- more sick people, more babies, etc.

Consequences of Underpopulation

Labor shortages, loss of heritage

Fertility Indicators

Population’s ability to reproduce

Total Fertility Rate

Average number of children women have in the reproductive years

Replacement Fertility Rate

Number of births needed to keep a stable population

Crude Birth Rate

Number of live births per 1000 of population in a year

Natural Rate of Increase (RNI)

Crude birth rate - crude death rate

Distribution of Highest RNI

Sub-Saharan Africa has highest RNI

Zero Population Growth (ZPG)

Stable Population, doesn’t increase or decrease

Doubling Time

Projected amount of time it’ll take a population to double

Mortality Indicators

When/how societies approach death

Infant Mortality Rate

Number of deaths per 1000 live births of kids under 1

Ex: 10 infant deaths for every 1000 births

Child Mortality Rate 

Number of deaths per 1000 live births of kids under 5

Ex: 10 child deaths for every 1000 births

Crude Death Rate

Number of deaths in a specific area per 1000 people

Life Expectancy

Average number of years people expect to live

\- varies by region

Outward Migration Rates

People **leaving** an area

\- affects population and population structure

Inward Migration Rates

People **entering** an area

\- affects population and population structure

Social Effect on Fertility

- Women’s Role in Society

- Religious views on BC and abortion

- Elders wanting kids to take care of them

Political Effect on Fertility

Pro and Anti Natal Policies

Economic Effect on Fertility

\- Higher Economic Development=Lower BR

\- Kids are seen and work assets in Agrarian Society

\- Kids are seen as economic liabilities in developed countries

Educations Effect on Fertility

**More educated women=lower BR** bc women are more financially independent

Healthcares Effect on Fertility

**Better healthcare=lower BR**

\- parents in LDC have 7 kids with the expectation of 2 dying bc of poor healthcare, so they have more kids to counter act that. With better healthcare, parents don’t have to worry about their kids dying and have.

Malthusian Theory

World population grows exponentially while resource supplies grow arithmetically leading to a lack of resources.

His solution: don’t assist poor people as they’re the cause of overpopulation.

Malthusian Theory Criticisms

\- didn’t account for technological advances

\- didn’t consider how migration would redistribute the population

Neo-Malthusians

believe the population will outstrip resources and that overpopulation needs to be addressed now

\- survival of the fittest, social Darwinism, lifeboat ethics, cutting aid and restricting resource from LDCs

Cornucopians

Believe humans will solve any problem with human ingenuity

\- increased population will motivate scientific development

Ester Boserup

Founded Cornucopian Theory

Pro-Natal Policies

Encourage pregnancy to increase population growth.

- baby schemes

- parental leave

- childcare costs offsets

Anti-Natal Policies

Discourage pregnancy to control/slow population growth.

Global Replacement Rate

2\.1 births per woman

Ways to INCREASE population

\- increase immigration

\- Increase women’s access to healthcare

\- financial incentives for giving birth

\- parental leave policies

Ways to DECREASE population

\- Improve women’s educational, political, social, etc. status

\- Implement laws to regulate the number of kids

Baby Bonus Schemes

Financial incentive to have kids

\- pro-natal policy

Parental Leave

time off work after having a kid

\- pro-natal policy

Offsetting Childcare Costs

government assists with childcare costs

\- pro-natal policy

Consequences of an Aging Population

\- worker shortage

\- cost of caring for the elderly (retirement homes, etc)

Consequences of Young Population

\- Future Job shortage

\- Need more Education infrastructure

\- Stress on prenatal/child Health Care

\- Housing shortage

Dependency Ratio

Comparison of Old and Young Dependents to Working-Age Independents

\- More dependents=more support needed

Birth Restrictions

Laws that restrict to number of kids a family can have

\- anti-natal policy

Biggest Cause of Immigration

Economic Opportunities

Push Factor

Factors that impel/push people **AWAY** from an area

Pull Factor

Factors that compel/pull people **TO** an area

Cultural Push Factors

Changes or lack thereof of societal norms

Demographic Push Factors

When the push factor only affects a certain demographic.

Economic Push Factors

Lack of economic opportunities (jobs)

Environmental Push Factors

Natural Disasters

Political Push Factors

war, conflict, oppressive government, fear of persecution, etc.

Environmental Pull Factors

Favorable Climate

Cultural Pull Factors

Religious freedom, similar ethnic groups, language, education, entertainment

Economic Pull Factors

\- New job opportunity

\- Lower Cost of Living

\- Higher Salary

Demographic Pull Factors

when the pull factor relates to the push factor

ex: refugees fleeing war are pulled to peaceful places

Political Pull Factors

Political freedom, stable govt, more favorable laws, fewer restrictions

Migration

The long-term relocation of an individual/group to another area

Internal Migration

Migration within an area

The Gravity Model

Denser and closer places have more pull on migrants than smaller and distant places

ex: Mexican migrants moving to the USA would go to San Antonio rather than Iowa

Step Migration

long-distance migration i done in steps

Intervening Opportunities

\- Assistance with the migration/transition process

ex: job opportunities, assistance programs, positive perception of immigrants, etc.

Intervening Obstacles

\- Hinders the migration/transition process

ex: challenging physical geography, restrictive immigration policies, cultural/language barrier, negative perception of immigrants, etc.

Counter/Return Migration

return of migrants to their original area

\- every migration wave triggers counter migration

Cyclical Movement

movement on a closed route that happens on a regular basis.

Activity Space

\- Area in which you go about your daily routine

\- Type of Cyclical Movement

ex: commuting

Pastoral Nomadism

\- Purposeful movement along specific routes

\- Type of Cyclical Movement

ex: pastoral nomads move their animals to water sources and pastures an a regular basis

Compelled Voluntary Migration

Someone choosing to move because of pull factors

Periodic Movements

ex: transhumance, seasonal movement, college students

Transhumance Movement

Moving animals up mountains in summer and back down in winter

Seasonal Movement

Seasonal movement for work

Chain Migration/Kinship Links

domino effect of one person migrating influencing others to migrate

Guest Worker

LEGAL immigrant who has a work visa

\- short-term migration

Remittances

\- money sent to relatives in other country

\- important part of economy for LDCs

Rural to Urban Migration

Migration to rural/suburban areas to urban areas

Forced Migration

When people are forced to migrate

Impelled Voluntary Migration

When people choose to leave an area due to push factors and probably won’t survive if they stay

Asylum Seeker

Refugee seeking legal protection

Refugee

\- impelled migrant

\- crosses borders

What Population Pyramid shows **Rapid** Growth?

A

What Population Pyramid shows **Moderate/Medium** Growth?

B

What Population Pyramid shows **Slow** Growth?

C

What Population Pyramid shows **Negative** Growth?

D

Population Pyramid

Bar graph that shows age-sex population distribution

DTM: Billy White loses his job as a gravedigger.

2

DTM: Parents start to think more about family planning.

3

DTM: Regional migration from rural areas to large urban areas.

2/3

DTM: Children are warmer in bed at night because they have more brothers and sisters.

2

DTM: There are more golden wedding anniversaries (50 year anniversary)

4/5