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1805 Battle of Trafalgar
Destruction of Franco-Spanish fleet
First and second rate ships of the line
3 gun decks
80-100 cannon
Fourth rate ships of the line
Less than 64 cannon
Phased out from the late 18th century
Third rate ships of the line
64-80 cannon
Crew of 500
1794 - 76% of Royal Navy ships
1814 - 80% of Royal Navy ships
Frigate Speedy
Captain Cochrane captured or destroyed 53 French ships over 13 months in 1800-1
French frigates
Built 59 fast frigates between 1779 and 1790
The highest British merchant losses of the Napoleonic Wars were 619 ships lost in 1810, when French frigates attacked the Baltic trade
1708 Cruisers and Convoys Act
A captain and his crew were entitled to shares of the value of a captured ship and its cargo
A single capture could mean more than a year’s pay
Reduction of the Royal Navy
1815 - 214 ships of the line, 792 frigates
Reduced to 100 ships of the line and 162
1835 - 58 ships of the line
Nemesis
Sail-steamer used to dispatch multiple Chinese junks and tow more powerful sailships upriver in the 1840 opium war
Invention of more powerful propellor screw propulsion in the late 1830s
Made ocean-going steam travel practical
First steam-propelled frigates launched by Britain in 1843 and France in 1845
France launched the Napoleon in 1850
90-gun steam ship capable of reaching 14 knots without wind
End of low-cost naval supremacy for Royal Navy
France built 10 steam battleships and converted 28
Britain built 18 battleships and converted 41
Paixhan guns
Production began in 1820s
French fitted them to warships from 1841
Royal Navy quickly did the same
Ironclads
1859 - French warship La Gloire
1861 - HMS Warrior
1862 - use in American Civil War demonstrated their power
HMS Devastation
Launched in 1873
87 metres long
2 35-tonne guns
Hull armour 250-300mm thick
Carried 1350 tons of coal
Sailships abandoned
Naval Defence Act 1889
Britain committed to 10 battleships, 42 cruisers and 18 torpedo gunships by 1893-4, costing £21.5 million
Formalised the two power standard
France and Russia increased their joint production to 12 battleships
Germany and the USA accelerated construction
John Fisher
First sea lord of the Admiralty in 1904
Scrapped 154 older warships
Largest and most modern ships concentrated in Europe
Ideas culminated in HMS Dreadnought in 1906
Able seaman’s wage in 1794
£14 per year
French merchant ships captured in the Seven Years’ War
1165
Slave trade in the late 18th century
Biggest and most lucrative route for British shipping
Over 150 ocean-going ships left British ports annually on the triangular trade route
Deaths of slavers in 1785
Men leaving Britain on slaving voyages - 5000
Men who returned from slaving voyages - 2329
West Africa squadron
1808 - 2 ships to patrol 5000km of coastline
1821 - 6 ships
1831 - 7 ships
1847 - 32 warships
204/792 men died in 1829
Annual number of slaves shipped across the Atlantic
1800 - 80,000
1830 - 135,000
The Presidente
Captured in 1828 after flying a Buenos Aires flag and then a French flag
Its crew spoke English and had anglicised names
Regulo and Rapido
Spanish slavers threw 150 chained slaves overboard in 1831 while being chased by the Royal Navy
HMS Hydra
Paddle steamer that captured four slave ships between 1844 and 1846
Black Joke
Slave clipper captured by the Royal Navy which then captured 11 slavers in a single year
Slaves captured and freed by Royal Navy 1810-60
150,000
Only 10% of total
Prizes captured by French privateer Robert Surcouf
Over 40
16 in a single expedition in 1807-8
Isle de France
Captured by British in 1810 and renamed Mauritius