Human Body Systems; Unit 4 Review

Fibrous joints

made of fibrous tissue, little or no movement

Fibrous joints (examples)

skull sutures, pelvic bone and sacrum fusions

Cartilaginous joints

made of cartilage, some movement

Cartilaginous joints (examples)

between bones of vertebral column, joining of the 2 coxal bones (pubic symphasis)

Synovial joints

have synovial fluid pocket between bones, freely moveable

Synovial joints (examples)

between bones that are easily moved (like appendicular skeleton), fingers, wrist bones, knees, hips, etc

What type of joint has the biggest role in movement?

synovial joint

Name the 6 types of synovial joints

pivot

ball-and-socket

saddle

ellipsoid/condyloid

hinge

planar/gliding

What does a goniometer do?

It measures angles. One arm stays with the nonmoving bone, but the other moves with the bone to measure the amount of "bend" the joint is capable of.

Name the 3 types of muscle tissue

skeletal

smooth

cardiac

What do the 3 types of muscle tissue have in common?

They all contract, but in different ways.

Where is cardiac muscle found?

only in the ♡

Is cardiac muscle:

striated or not striated?

voluntary or involuntary?

striated

involuntary

Where is smooth muscle found?

lining of hollow organs and blood vessels

Is smooth muscle:

striated or not striated?

voluntary or involuntary?

not striated

involuntary

Where is skeletal muscle fiber found?

in muscles attached to bone

Is skeletal muscle:

striated or not striated?

voluntary or involuntary?

striated

voluntary

Describe cardiac muscle contraction

cardiac muscle contraction occurs in the ♡ and propels blood through the blood vessels

Describe smooth muscle contraction

smooth muscle contraction move fluids and solids along the digestive tract and regulate the diameters of small arteries

Describe skeletal muscle contraction

skeletal muscle contraction moves the body by pulling on bones of the skeleton

How many muscles rule are there that apply to all skeletal muscles?

6

T or F? Muscles have at least TWO attachments and must cross at least ONE joint.

T

T or F? Muscles always "PUSH" and get shorter.

F, they always "PULL"

T or F? The attachment that REMAINS STATIONARY is known as the INSERTION and the attachment that MOVES is known as the ORIGIN.

F, The attachment that MOVES is known as the INSERTION and the attachment that REMAINS STATIONARY is known as the ORIGIN.

T o F? Muscles that DECREASE the angle between ventral surfaces of the body are known as FLEXORS.

T

T or F? Muscles that INCREASE the angle between ventral surfaces of the body are known as EXTENSORS.

T

T or F? Muscles work INDIVIDUALLY.

F, Muscles work in opposing PAIRS.

T or F? Muscle STRIATIONS point to the attachments and show the DIRECTION OF PULL.

T

Epimysium

Fascicles

Perimysium

Muscle cells

Endomysium

Myofiber

What small structure do myofibers contain?

sarcomeres

What do sarcomeres contain?

actin and myosin, troponin and tropmyosin

What is actin, myosinm troponin, and tropomyosin responsible for?

contraction in the presence of ATP and calcium

What are the main proteins of the sarcomere?

actin (thin filament) and myosin (thick filament)

What are the steps of muscle contraction

1) calcium binds to troponin

2) tropomyosin moves out of way

3) myosin grabs actin

4) myosin pulls actin

5) actin is yanked toward middle of sarcomere

6) muscle gets shorter

7) myosin stuck on actin until ATP comes in to give it the energy to let it go

Why is calcium critical for muscle contraction?

Calcium has to bind to the troponin so the tropomyosin moves out of the way, freeing up the actin. This allows the myosin to grab onto the actin and pull.

T or F? A lot of ATP needs to be present in order for a whole muscle to relax.

T

Arteries take blood _______ from the heart

Away

Veins take blood ______ the heart

Toward

Which have thicker walls, veins or arteries?

Arteries

What do veins have to keep blood flowing in one direction?

Valves

What causes a varicose veins?

Blood pooling in a vein due to damaged or dysfunctional valve. When too much blood pools there it can become painful

What connects arteries to capillaries?

Aterioles

What connects veins to capillaries?

Venules

What is the flow of blood?

Superior/inferior vena cava --> Right atrium --> Tricuspid valve --> Pulmonary artery -->lungs --> Pulmonary arteriole --> Capillaries around aveoli --> Pulmonary venules --> Pulmonary veins --> Left atrium -->Bicuspid valve --> Left ventricle --> aortic valve --> aorta --> body--> body arteries --> body arterioles --> capillaries --> body venules --> body veins --> superior/inferior vena cava

What is pulmonary circulation?

Blood flow between the heart and lungs

What is systemic circulation?

Blood flow between the body and the heart

What is cardiac output?

The amount of blood your heart pumps out of the left ventricle in one minute

What happens if cardiac output is too high?

Extra blood is pooling and being ejected from the heart

What happens if cardiac output is too low?

Muscle contractions are weak or blood volume is decreased

What is blood pressure?

The amount of force upon the walls of blood vessels

What is peripheral vascular disease?

Occluded vessels in the limbs cause poor circulation

How is PVD detected?

PVD is detected by comparing blood pressure in all four extremities. If blood pressure is lower in one arm/leg over the other body parts its a clue that something is wrong in that body part.

What is the leading cause of PVD?

Smoking

What are the three major pathway that your body uses to make ATP?

Aerobic respiration, Anaerobic respiration, and the phosphagen system

What is ATP?

Adenosine Triphosphate; also is a form of energy for muscle

What is the fastest way for ATP to get made?

Using creatine-phosphate stored in those skeletal muscle

How long during exercise does the phosphagen system get used?

The first 10 seconds

After your creatine-phosphate system is exhausted what does your body turn to?

To Anaerobic respiration

What energy source does anaerobic respiration?

Glycolysis

How long during exercise does anaerobic respiration get used?

For about 2 minuets. It can make a lot of ATP at once.

Aerobic respiration uses what in a steady and efficient manner?

Oxygen and sugar to make ATP

What does your sympathetic nervous system do during exercise?

Increased "fight or flight" responses, allowing your pupils to dilate, pumping out adrenaline for extra energy, increasing heart rate to meet the demands of the body, shuts down non-essential system like your urinary and digestive sysetem

What does your parasympathetic nervous system do during exercise?

kinda shuts off and does nothing

Can muscles become so tired no matter how much signal is sent the muscles lose strength?

Yes

After ATP is used what byproduct is produced?

Lactic acid