ANSC 305 EXAM 1

1. The six classes of nutrients are water, carbohydrates, fats, protein, ________, and ________.

Vitamins, minerals

Approximately ________% of the body of a lean adult animal is water

70%

The most important nutrient for all species is ________.

Water

Three major sources of water are drinking water, ________, and metabolic water.

Food

Metabolic water contributes approximately ________% of total water intake.

5-10%

An animal can maintain fluid balance from food alone if the diet contains more than approximately ________% moisture.

67%

Cats are more likely than dogs to underconsume water, resulting in more ________ urine.

Concentrated

Urine specific gravity is measured using a ________.

Refractometer

The specific gravity of pure water is ________.

1.000

Rough hair coat, tacky mucous membranes, sunken eyes, and decreased skin turgor can indicate ________.

Dehydration

Approximately ________% dehydration is considered severe.

10

The formula for fluid deficit in liters is ________ × ________.

% dehydration × body weight in kg

A 20-kg dog that is 7% dehydrated has a fluid deficit of ________ L.

1.4L

Dog maintenance fluid requirements are approximately ________ mL/kg/day.

60 mL/kg/day

A 20-kg dog’s daily maintenance fluid requirement is ________ L/day.

1.2 L/day

If a 20-kg dog is 7% dehydrated and the deficit is corrected over 12 hours while also providing half of daily maintenance, it should receive ________ L during the first 12 hours

2.0 L

Delivering 2,000 mL over 12 hours requires a fluid rate of approximately ________ mL/hr.

170mL/hr

After dehydration has been corrected, a 20-kg dog receiving only maintenance fluids would receive approximately ________ mL/hr.

50 mL/hr

Energy density refers to the number of ________ of ME per kg or lb of food.

kcal

One nutritional Calorie equals ________ kcal

1

One kcal equals ________ small calories.

1,000

The three energy-yielding nutrient classes are carbohydrates, ________, and ________.

fat; protein

Gross energy minus fecal energy equals ________ energy.

Digestible

Digestible energy minus urinary energy equals ________ energy.

Metabolizable

Modified Atwater Factors estimate ME while accounting for nutrient ________.

Digestibility

The major energy-containing constituents of plants are ________.

Carbohydrates

Glucose, fructose, and galactose are ________.

Monosaccharides

Lactose consists of glucose plus ________.

Galactose

Sucrose consists of glucose plus ________.

Fructose

Starch, glycogen, and dietary fiber are classified as ________.

Polysaccharides

Starch contains primarily ________ linkages.

alpha 1-4

The enzyme that breaks down starch is ________.

Amylase

Cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectins are forms of dietary ________.

Fiber

Dietary fiber resists digestion by ________ animals

Monogastric

________ is the non-carbohydrate portion of fiber.

Lignin

The limited storage form of glucose in animals is ________.

Glycogen

Excess carbohydrate can ultimately be converted to ________.

Fat

The hormone that increases cellular glucose uptake is ________.

Insulin

Insulin promotes the synthesis of ________ from glucose

Glycogen

The hormone that promotes glycogen breakdown and gluconeogenesis is ________.

Glucagon

Protein is approximately ________% nitrogen.

16

The building blocks of proteins are ________.

Amino acids

There are ________ alpha amino acids discussed in the lecture.

22

Of these, ________ are considered essential amino acids and must be supplied in the diet.

10

________ is an additional essential amino acid-like nutrient required by cats.

Taurine

Three commonly limiting amino acids are

methionine, tryptophan, and lysine

Cats can use only ________ for bile salt production

Taurine

Other species can use ________ in bile salt production where cats require taurine.

Glycine

Taurine deficiency was first associated with feline central ________ degeneration

Retinal

Taurine is necessary for proper function of the ________, the muscular tissue of the heart.

Myocardium

Severe taurine deficiency can contribute to ________ cardiomyopathy.

Dilated

Taurine occurs naturally in ________ tissues rather than plant tissues.

Animal

Meat, poultry, fish, and ________ are dietary sources of taurine

Shellfish

A high-quality dietary protein is highly digestible and contains the required ________

Essential amino acids

Fats are esters of fatty acids and ________.

Glycerol

A triglyceride contains ________ fatty acids bound to glycerol

Three

The two major groups of essential fatty acids are omega-________ and omega-________.

3;6

In an omega fatty acid designation, the number indicates the position of the first ________.

Double bond

Alpha-linolenic acid is an omega-________ fatty acid.

3

Linoleic acid is an omega-________ fatty acid.

6

Linoleic acid is important for normal membrane function and ________ health

Skin

Dogs can produce arachidonic acid from ________ acid

Linoleic

Cats have limited ability to produce ________ acid and therefore require it in their diet.

Arachidonic

Essential fatty acids help maintain cell membrane fluidity and ________.

Integrity

Fat facilitates absorption of vitamins ________, ________, ________, and ________.

A,E,D,K

The recommended minimum dietary fat for adult maintenance dogs is ________% DM.

5%

The recommended minimum dietary fat for cats is ________% DM.

9%

Vitamins A, D, E, and K are ________-soluble vitamins.

Fat

Vitamin C and the B-complex vitamins are ________-soluble

Water

Fat-soluble vitamins generally carry a greater risk of ________ because they can accumulate in the body.

Toxicity

Cats require preformed vitamin ________.

A

Dogs can convert ________-carotene to vitamin A.

Beta

Vitamin A for cats must therefore come from ________ tissue.

Animal

Vitamin D is important in maintaining the balance of calcium and ________.

Phosphorus

Vitamin D deficiency in immature animals causes ________.

Rickets

Vitamin D deficiency in mature animals causes ________.

osteomalacia

Vitamin E functions primarily as an ________.

Antioxidant

Vitamin K is required for normal blood ________

Clotting

Anticoagulant rodenticides interfere with vitamin ________.

K

The antidote for anticoagulant rodenticide toxicity is supplemental vitamin ________.

K