honors English 10 grammar terms

noun

names a person, place, thing, or idea.

concrete nouns: tangible things or beings that can be perceived by the 5 senses

abstract nouns: words that represent concepts, qualities, ideas, or emotions

pronouns

replaces a noun

verb

shows action or a state of being

adjective

describes a noun or pronoun

adverb

describes a verb, adjective, or another adverb (ends in -ly)

preposition

shows relationships between nouns (usually location, direction, or time)

conjunctions

connections words, phrases, or clauses

coordinating conjunctions: FANBOYS

correlative conjunctions: both/and, not only/but also, if/then, etc.

subordinating conjunctions: after, although, as, as if, as long, as much, as soon as, as though, because, before, even

conjunctive adverbs: accordingly, furthermore, moreover, similarly, also

interjection

expresses emotion or surprise

determiner

introduces nouns and helps clarify what you’re talking about (the, a, an [also articles], this, those)

subject

person, place, thing, or idea the sentence focuses on

predicate

part of the sentence that tells what the subject does or is. always includes a verb and may also include objects, complements, and modifiers

verbs

action words in a sentence

• gerunds: verbal used as a noun

• participles: verbal used as an adjective

objects

recipients of the action for the verb. often nouns or pronouns

complements

provide more information about the subject or object, and can be nouns, pronouns, adjectives, or adverbs

modifiers

add detail or nuance to nouns, verbs, and other parts of speech within the subject and predicate

declarative sentence

makes a statement or expresses an opinion

interrogative sentence

asks a questions

imperative sentence

gives a command or makes a request

exclamatory sentence

expresses strong emotion

simple sentence

one independent clause

compound sentence

two or more independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction

complex setnence

one independent clause + one or more dependent clauses

compound-complex sentence

at least 2 independent clauses + one or more dependent clauses

phrases

provides additional information or modifies other words in the sentence but don’t stand alone as a complete thought (ex. “the big, fluffy cat”)

clauses

either independent (stands alone as a complete sentence) or dependent (need an independent clause to make sense)