MIND BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR FINAL EXAM

descartes believed the mind only interacted with the body through the ______ _____

pineal gland

the central nervous system is composed of the brain and:

spinal cord

Each hemisphere of the cerebral cortex receives most of its input from the ___side of the body and controls the muscles on the ___ side.

contralateral; contralateral

Shwann cells

myelinate axons in the peripheral nervous system

oligodendrocytes

produce myelin sheath for CNS

astrocytes

glia that help synchronize activity of neurons.

temporal lobe

comprehension of spoken language in humans. primary auditory cortex is here

What is the approximate resting potential of the inside of a neuron's membrane, relative to the outside?

-70 millivolts

sodium-potassium pump

repeatedly transports sodium (Na+) ions OUT and potassium (K+) ions IN to the cell.

electrical gradient

ions of a similar charge repel each other and thus spread evenly through a solution.

vesicles

tiny packets that contain neurotransmitters in the presynaptic neuron

metabotropic effects

sequence of reactions that produce slow and long lasting effects at a synapse

ionotropic effects

refers to when a neurotransmitter attaches to receptors and immediately opens ion channels.

horizontal plane

plane that shows the brain as seen from above

coronal plane

frontal, cut in half, boobs apart from butt

The Saggital Plane

A vertical plane that divides the body into left and right sections.

Sympathetic Nervous System (CNS)

fight or flight, prepares body for action

parasympathetic nervous system

controls non-emergency functions and vegetative responses

Damage to which hindbrain structure would be most life-threatening?

medulla

hippocampus

stores/forms new memories

Cranial Nerves

control sensations from the head, muscle movements in the head, and much of the parasympathetic output to the organs.

CN I

olfactory nerve, smell

CN II

Optic. Sight. Sensory.

CN III

oculomotor; controls eye movements/pupil constriction.

CN IV

trochlear; controls eye movements

CN V.

Trigeminal; skin sensations from most of the face; control of jaw muscles for chewing and swallowing.

CN VI.

abducens; control of eye movements

CN VII.

facial. taste from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue, controls facial expressions, crying, salivation, dilation of head's blood vessels.

CN VIII

statoacoustic: hearing; equilibrium

CN IX.

Glossopharyngeal: taste and other sensations from throat and posterior third of the tongue, controls swallowing, salivation, throat movements during speech

CN X

Vagus: sensations from neck and throat, esophagus, and larynx, parasympathetic nerves to stomach, intestines, and other organs.

CN XI.

Accessory: controls neck and shoulder movements

CN XII.

Hypoglossal: control of muscles in the tongue.

meningitis

infection of the meninges

dorsal roots

sensory information; AFFERENT (carries info into the structures)

ventral roots

motor neurons; EFFERENT (carry info AWAY from the structure.

dendritic spines

additional short outgrowths on dendrites

When the membrane is at rest, where are the potassium ions more concentrated?

Inside of the cell

what is the all-or-none law?

either a neuron is sufficiently stimulated and an action potential occurs or a neuron is not sufficiently stimulated and an action potential does not happen

Most of the time, a neuron's membrane is not permeable to sodium ions. What happens when the membrane reaches threshold and sodium ion channels open?

When the membrane reaches potential and the sodium ion channels are opened, then sodium ions (positively charged) enter the neuron, changing the resting potential so that the inside of the neuron is now slightly positive relative to this outside - this is called action potential.

What is the absolute refractory period?

When Na channels close and cannot be opened for a fixed period.

refractory period-relative refractory period

the interval during which a second action potential can be produced, but only if the stimulus strength is considerably higher than normal

membrane stays hyperpolarized until the voltage-gated potassium channels close

Affinity

it binds to a receptor like a key to a lock.

efficacy

a drug's tendency to activate the receptor.

antagonist

a drug that blocks the effects of a NT. High affinity, low efficacy.

agonist

mimics or increases the effects of a neurotransmitter. HIGH affinity, HIGH efficacy

What do LSD and other hallucinogenic drugs resemble?

Serotonin

4 methods to measure brain activity

EEG- electrodes on scalp measure rapid changes in brain activity MEG- Records rapid magnetic changes during brain activity. PET- provides a high resolution image of brain activity by recording radioactivity emitted from injected chemicals. fMRI- measures amount of hemoglobin in different parts of brain to indicate brain area activity levels.

When a vigorous pinch excited a dog's flexor muscle, it decreased excitation of the extensor muscles of the same leg. Sherrington cited this observation as evidence for what?

inhibitory synapses

MRI

brain structure but NOT activity

blood brain barrier

keeps out most viruses; also keeps out good nutrients

All addictive drugs or activities like gambling increase the neurotransmitter ______ in the _________.

dopamine; nucleus accumbens

brain's main source of fuel

glucose

Suppose you wanted to cause the presynaptic terminal of an axon to release its neurotransmitter. How could you do so without an action potential?

inject calcium into the presynaptic terminal

why do cold remedies increase heart rate and blood pressure?

they block the parasympathetic nervous system

frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex

personality; cognition; impulse control; voluntary motor control

Primary motor cortex is here.

Neurotransmitter

chemical that an axon end secretes into a synapse.

When the membrane is at rest, the concentration gradient tends to draw sodium ions _____ the cell, and the electrical gradient draws them _____ the cell.

into, into

ipsilateral

on the same side of the body

Contralateral

Opposite sides. Such as if there is brain damage on the right side of the brain, the left side of the body will be paralyzed

medial

toward the midline

lateral

away from the midline

At rest, the concentration gradient tends to draw potassium ions _____ the cell, and the electrical gradient draws them _____ the cell.Term

out of, into

which chemicals use active transport to cross the blood-brain barrier?

glucose and amino acids

functions of glia

structural support remove metabolic products of waste for myelin sheath guide neurons during growth

glia do NOT

conduct action potentials

Under what conditions does an axon produce an action potential?

sodium ions move in

Except for the magnitude and speed of its effects, methylphenidate (Ritalin) affects synapses the same way as which other drug?

cocaine

Although one pinch did not cause a dog to flex its leg, several simultaneous pinchees at nearby locations did. Sherrington cited this observation as evidence for what?

spatial summation

What are the main functions of the prefrontal cortex?

-Short-term (working) memory -Decision-making, link between cognition and emotion -Higher-level attentional system

Transcranial magnetic stimulation

The application of an intense magnetic field to a portion of the scalp can be used to temporarily interrupt brain activity.

the most appropriate reason favoring the use of animals in biological psychology research aimed at solving human problems

The nervous system of nonhuman animals resembles that of humans in many ways

What was Loewi's evidence that neurotransmission depends on the release of chemicals?

When Loewi stimulated a nerve that increased or decreased a frog's heart rate, he could withdraw some fluid from the area around the heart, transfer it to another frog's heart, and thereby increase or decrease its rate also.

tryptophan

amino acid which is a precursor to serotonin

When the neuron's membrane is at rest, sodium ions are more concentrated _____ the cell, and potassium ions are more concentrated _____.

outside, inside.

four structures of a neuron

axon, soma, dendrites, presynaptic terminal

The brain's most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter is _____, and its most abundant inhibitory neurotransmitter is _____.

glutamate, GABA.

first step of PET scan

inject blood with radioactive chemical

light from the right side of the world strikes the ____  of the retina

left side

Optic Nerve

The collection of ganglion cell axons that extend from the retina to the brain.

hair cells

auditory receptors located along a membrane of the cochlea.

Organ of Corti

In the cochlea. A hearing apparatus. Contains nerve endings. Located on the upper surface of the basilar membrane.

receptive organ for the vestibular sense

semicircular canals

taste info is primarily received by the

insula and temporal lobe

Skeletal Muscles

attached to the bones, responsible for voluntary movement also called striated muscles

Smooth muscles

Muscles that are not under conscious control; also known as involuntary or visceral muscle; forms the walls of blood vessels and hollow organs such as the stomach and small intestine

prefrontal cortex responds to ____ , calculates ____ and plans ____

lights, noises, etc. that lead to movement; outcomes of actions; movement according to those outcomes

mirror neurons

active both when preparing for a movement and while watching someone else perform a similar movement.

damage to what structure resembles alcohol intoxication

cerebellum

blindsight

a person is visually blind but can still respond to visual objects subconsiously

A mild degree of pain releases the neurotransmitter _____. A more intense pain also releases _____.

glutamate; substance P

Synthenesia

A condition where a stimulus elicits another experience such as color.

you can "see" music or language.

Rods

more common in rodents and other nocturnal animals common toward the periphery of the retina a single bipolar cell connects to several rods. detects BRIGHTNESS of light NOT useful in daylight more abundant than cones (20:1)

cones

most abundant in and near the fovea less active in dim light useful in bright light essential for color vision more sensitive to detail provide more input to the brain (90%)

Retina

Multilayered tissue on eyes sensitive inner surface

prosopagnosia

difficulty recognizing faces

nerve deafness

damage to hair cells or cochlea

conductive deafness

Infections or bone growth that prevent the middle ear from transmitting sounds properly to the cochlea

Frequency Theory

Presumes that the rate, or frequency, of nerve impulses in the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling is to sense its pitch

Place Theory

Suggests that different sound waves stimulate the basilar membrane at different, specific places resulting in perceived pitch.

Best explains how we perceive high-pitched sounds