Status, slavery, citizenship

What are the three fundamental classifications of Roman law?

Persons, things, actions.

In Roman law, what is a 'persona'?

A human being, capable of rights and duties.

What was the status of a slave in Roman law?

Considered property (res mancipi), not a legal person.

What are the three statuses of a person in Roman law?

Libertas (freedom), civitas (citizenship), familia (family).

According to Paulus, Sabinus, how is the change of civil status categorized?

Into greatest, middle, and least changes.

What aspect of a person defines their legal condition in Roman law?

Status.

What does 'collegia' refer to in Roman society?

Associations or guilds.

What was the legal status of free persons (liberi) compared to slaves (servi)?

Free persons were considered legal persons; slaves were considered property.

What was the economic role of citizens in Roman society?

Formed the civic, military, and political backbone of Rome.

What was 'peculium' in the context of Roman slavery?

A fund entrusted by the master to the slave for management.

How could slaves acquire freedom in Roman society?

Through manumission, birth to free parents, or other specific legal pathways.

What is 'manumission' in Roman law?

The formal act of freeing a slave.

What were the rights of a free person in relation to marriage in Roman law?

Could legally marry (conubium).

What is the significance of the Lex Fufia Caninia?

Limited the number of slaves that could be freed by will.

How could citizenship be acquired in ancient Rome?

By birth, manumission, or imperial grant.

What were the categories of Roman citizens?

Alieni iuris, freedmen, bondsmen (nexi).

What legal rights did Roman citizens enjoy?

Conubium, commercium, ius suffragii, ius honorum.

What was the status of 'infames' in Roman law?

Dishonored persons excluded from holding office.

What was the role of the Twelve Tables in Roman law?

Provided a foundation for legal principles governing families and property.

What is the concept of 'capitis deminutio'?

A change in a person's legal status.

What are the types of capitis deminutio?

Maxima, media, minima.

Who was responsible for the slave's actions according to Roman law?

The master (dominus) was liable for the delicts of the slave.

What is 'contubernium'?

Informal unions between slaves or between a slave and a free person.

What was the legal status of children born to a slave mother in Roman law?

Followed the status of the mother.

What was the main source of slavery in Roman society?

Capture in war (captivitas).

What is the 'ius vitae necisque' in relation to slavery?

The master's initial unlimited power over the slave's life.

What distinguished the Roman Empire's approach to citizenship after AD 212?

Most free men were granted citizenship.

What does 'noxal surrender' refer to in Roman legal terms?

The master handing over a slave instead of paying damages.

What role did the Church play in manumission during the late Empire?

Conducted acts of manumission as piety or charity.

What are 'liberti' in Roman law?

Freedmen with obligations to their former masters.

What rights did freedmen have post-manumission?

Nearly equal to freeborn citizens, with some obligations.

What is the impact of the Lex Aelia Sentia?

Established age requirements for manumission.

What is the significance of the Constitutio Antoniniana?

Extended citizenship to all free men.

What characterized the status of 'humiliores'?

Lower classes subject to harsher punishments.

What are 'Latini' in the context of Roman citizenship?

Non-citizens with intermediate status.

How were foreigners (peregrini) treated under Roman law?

Excluded from conubium and commercium, but could engage in basic contracts.

What is 'ius gentium' in Roman legal context?

Natural law that allowed basic contracts between Romans and non-Romans.

What does 'codification' refer to in Roman law?

Systematic collection of law during the Late Empire.