Medical Sociology Exam 2

Which of the following is NOT a component of healthcare systems?

Pharmaceuticals

True or False: The United States spends more on healthcare per person than most peer countries

True- The United States spends more on healthcare per person than most peer countries

What kind of healthcare model is most similar to the system the US has for most Americans under age 65?

Bismarck Model

Which healthcare model includes healthcare provided to all residents through a mix of private and public providers, paid for through taxes?

National Health Insurance Model

What is the difference between Medicare and Medicaid?

Medicare provides insurance for older populations while Medicaid provides insurance for low-income children and adults

Mitchell Katz argues that the US healthcare system makes several assumptions about patients. Which of the following is NOT an assumption he lists?

Patients all have health insurance

Which of the following is NOT a factor in the growing healthcare worker shortages in the US?

Declining prestige of many health-related fields

Which US regulatory body is responsible for enforcing human subjects protections in healthcare/medicine?

Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

Which of the following are reasons why women leave the physician workforce?

Difficulties with work-life balance & Gender bias from patients and colleagues

Which of the following do Timmermans and Oh describe as a driver of social change within the medical profession?

Patients’ approaches to healthcare have become more consumerist, shifting the dynamic of the doctor-patient relationship

In Legacy, Dr. Blackstock argues that the medical profession contributes to the reproduction of systemic racism through what mechanism(s)?

The use and teaching of diagnostic “cheat sheets” that differentiate diagnostic criteria by race, and presentation of race differences in physiology as objective truths

What is one reason why diversity in the physician workforce may be important?

Racial concordance between doctors and patients is associated with better health outcomes for minoritized patients

Which of the following is a correct definition of medicalization?

The process of classifying something, such as a condition, procedure, or area of knowledge as “medical”

What healthcare specialty does Dr. Saunders describe as having been medicalized in the mid-1800s?

Dentistry 

In her book, Dr. Uche Blackstock describes a number of medical inventions and discoveries achieved through the exploitation of Black Americans, the history of which medical students were not taught. Which of the following is NOT one of those discussed in the book?

The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment

The Invention of the Speculum

The use of HeLA cells in medical research 

The invention of the spirometer

Which of these is an example of implicit bias?

Assuming that a patient's partners are of another gender without taking a sexual history

Which of the following is NOT a way in which the medical profession has changed in recent decades?

Medical curriculum has become less clinicaly-focused and more humanistic

Which of these was NOT a consequence of the care of pregnant women becoming more medicalized and obstetrics becoming a specialized medical area in the early 1900s?

Physician-attended births became the norm across racial groups

Which of the following is a way in which insurance can impact healthcare experiences?

All of the above

• Denial of authorization for tests can delay diagnoses

• Insurance reimbursements are a motivation for doctors trying to maximize number of patients seen, resulting in shorter clinical interactions

• Patients are often restricted to certain facilities or doctors

What is medical gaslighting ?

Invalidation, minimization, or dismissal of patients’ concerns by medical professionals

Which of these is NOT an example of how healthcare settings impact healthcare experiences?

Clinicians maximize efficiency by spending little time with each patient

Which of the following is an example of implicit bias?

Doubting a heavier patient’s claims that they exercise regularly and isisting they should exercise more

Which of the following is TRUE about demographics of clinical trial participants?

Racial/ethnic minorities are over-represented in Stage I trials

When did the FDA and NIH first mandate that women be included in clinical trials?

1993

How has women’s historical exvlusion from medical research impacted women’s healthcare experiences? Choose all that apply

• Clinicians not be as well-versed in how some conditions present differently in women compared to men, causing them to overlook problems

• Providers may not know how to account for the ways in which hormone cycles might interact with certain medication

According to the Mesinger, Tylka, and Calamari article, which of these is NOT a mechanism linking body size and women’s healthcare avoidance?

Inability of doctors to counsel patients on weight loss

What is diagnostic overshadowing?

When a provider focuses on an obvious condition, even when it is not related to the patient’s primary complaint

Which of the following is an example of ableism in healthcare? 

Speaking with a deaf patient’s companion rather than the patient themself

According to the Radio Health Journal podcast episode, what is one way to reduce racial disparities in care?

Directly addressing implicit assumptions about race in medical school curricula

Which of these is NOT a way weight stigma contributes to health and healthcare experiences?

Overweight patients are less likely to be screened for conditions like hypertension

What is allostatic load?

Physiological wear-and-tear on the body due to stress

Cortisol helps to regulate which bodily system(s)?

Metabolic system

What does “ACEs” stand for?

Adverse Childhood Experiences

Which of the following is a social pathway linking stress and health?

Interpersonal conflict

Which of these is an example of a stigmatized stressor?

A family member being arrested

Which of these is NOT a tenet of the stress process model?

Stressors are socially patterned

Which of these is NOT a chronic stressor?

Natural disaster

The process by which stress in one area of life causes additional stressors in other life areas is called what?

Stress spillover

Which of these is NOT a tenet of the stress process model?

Stressors are socially patterned

Which of the following is NOT a social determinant of health?

Gender

True or False: Social determinants of health refer primarily to adverse conditions associated with worse health outcomes

False: Social determinants

What is one way economic stability influences health?

A and C

• Reduce stress

• Makes healthcare and medication more financially accessible

Which of these is NOT considered a part of the built environment?

Garden clubs

In her Ted Talk, Kathryn Lennon discusses how cities can be designed to make spaces more accessible to people with disabilities. What is one example she describes?

The use of textured materials on sidewalks to help people with visual impairments avoid tripping hazards and sidewalk furniture

Which of these is a structural determinant of health?

All of the above

• Healthcare systems

• Gender norms

• Labor markets

Which of these is an example of how social determinants of health operate?

A person struggles with poor air quality due to their proximity to a factory

In the Green and Zook article, the authors talk about the link between social determinants of health and social risk factors. Match the social risk factors with their corresponding social determinant of health. 

Food insecurity 

Economic (In)stability

In the Green and Zook article, the authors talk about the link between social determinants of health and social risk factors. Match the social risk factors with their corresponding social determinant of health. 

High levels of noise pollution

Neighborhood and built environment

In the Green and Zook article, the authors talk about the link between social determinants of health and social risk factors. Match the social risk factors with their corresponding social determinant of health. 

Living in a pharmacy desert

Healthcare Access and Quality

In the Green and Zook article, the authors talk about the link between social determinants of health and social risk factors. Match the social risk factors with their corresponding social determinant of health. 

High levels of neighborhood crime

Social and Community Context