Lecture Review: Nebulization, IVF Therapy, Chest Physiotherapy, and Oxygenation Management

Comprehensive flashcards covering respiratory therapy, intravenous therapy, diagnostic procedures, and emergency oxygen delivery systems based on lecture notes.

Nebulizer

A drug delivery device used to administer medicine by turning liquid medication into a fine mist to be inhaled directly into the lungs.

Bronchodilators

Fast-acting rescue medication that relaxes smooth muscles to quickly open tightly constricted airways.

Anticholinergics

Controller medication that blocks nerve reflexes to prevent airway constriction and dry up excess mucus.

Corticosteroids

Anti-inflammatory medications that target and reduce internal swelling, redness, and chronic irritation within the airway walls.

Semi Fowler

The recommended position for nebulization to maximize lung expansion and optimize medication delivery.

Cystic Fibrosis

A hereditary disorder affecting the exocrine glands causing abnormally thick mucus production that blocks pancreatic ducts, intestines, and bronchi.

Bronchospasm

The sudden, involuntary tightening of the smooth muscles that line the airways (bronchi) in the lungs.

Intracellular compartment

Fluid inside of the cell which accounts for $\frac{2}{3}$ of the body's water.

Extracellular compartment

Fluid outside of the cell which accounts for $\frac{1}{3}$ of the body's water.

Osmosis

The process where water moves from a low solute concentration to a higher solute concentration.

Osmolarity

The amount of solutes within a specific fluid; higher values indicate more solutes and less water.

Isotonic Fluid

An IV solution where the solute concentration matches that of the blood plasma, used to expand extracellular fluid volume.

Lactated Ringer's Solution

An isotonic solution containing water, potassium, sodium, chloride, calcium, and lactate; lactate helps increase blood pH by converting to bicarbonate.

Hypotonic Fluid

A solution with a lower solute concentration than blood plasma, causing osmosis to move water from the extracellular space into the intracellular space.

Hypertonic Fluid

A solution that causes water to leave the intracellular space; examples include $3\% \text{ saline}$ or $\text{Dextrose } 10\% \text{ water}$.

Colloids

Large molecules that stay in the veins longer for rapid volume replacement, such as albumin, dextran, or fresh frozen plasma ($\text{FFP}$).

Chest Physiotherapy (CPT)

A group of therapies including chest percussion, vibration, and postural drainage used for mobilizing pulmonary secretions.

Atelectasis

The partial or complete collapse of a lung or a specific lobe of a lung.

Percussion

A rhythmic force provided by clapping cupped hands against the patient's thorax to loosen retained secretions; also known as bronchial clapping.

Postural Drainage

The use of gravity to drain secretions from small pulmonary branches into larger ones where they can be removed by coughing or suction.

Epididymis

A cord-like structure on the top and back of the testicle that stores and transports sperm.

Hydrocele

A fluid-filled sac surrounding the testicle that causes scrotal swelling and shows positive transillumination.

Varicocele

Enlargement of the veins within the scrotum that feels like a 'bag of worms' and usually occurs on the left side.

Testicular Torsion

A medical emergency where the testicle rotates, twisting the spermatic cord and cutting off blood flow, requiring surgery within $6\, \text{hours}$.

External Respiration

The exchange of gases between the pulmonary blood and the alveoli.

Internal Respiration

The exchange of gases between the cells and the capillaries.

Holter Monitor

An ambulatory $\text{ECG}$ that records the heart's electrical activity over a specified period, typically $24\, \text{hours}$.

Allen's Test

A test done to assess the adequacy of collateral circulation in the hand before peripheral arterial procedures.

Pa CO2

Partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood; the normal range is $35-45\, \text{mmHg}$.

Pa O2

Partial pressure of oxygen in the blood; the normal range is $85-95\%$.

HCO3

Bicarbonate concentration in the blood; the normal range is $22-26\, \text{meq/L}$.

Tracheostomy

A surgical opening in the anterior wall of the trachea just below the larynx to create an airway.

Venti Mask (Venturi Mask)

A fixed performance device that delivers a known, precisely controlled oxygen concentration ($FiO_2$) of $24-60\%$.

Non-rebreather Mask

A variable performance device for emergencies that delivers an $FiO_2$ of $80-95\%$ with a flow rate of $10-15\, \text{L/min}$.

Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBOT)

A treatment where a patient breathes $100\%$ pure oxygen in a chamber pressurized to $1.5$ to $3$ times normal atmospheric pressure.

Urinary Catheterization

An invasive procedure involving the insertion of a tube to relieve urinary retention, obtain a sterile specimen, or measure residual urine.