AP Euro Ch 17 Reading Guide

Why did “natural philosophy” focus on:

fundamental questions about the nature of the universe, its purpose, and how it functioned.

The origins of the Scientific Revolution drew on the following:

a) long-term developments in ________

a) European culture

b) the development of medieval _______. 

university

c) medieval philosophers developed a limited, but real sense of independence from theologians and a sense of free _____.

inquiry

d) many ancient works were _______.

recovered

e) in fields such as mathematics, translations were accompanied by:

learned Arabic commentaries that went beyond ancient learning

f) navigational problems were critical in the development of:

many new scientific instruments

Kepler’s view of elliptical orbits was inspired by his belief that the universe was built on:

mystical mathematical relationships and a musical harmony of the heavenly bodies.

The primary goal of Galileo’s “experimental method” is to speculate about:

what actually did happen

Newton’s Law of Universal Gravity” brought the Scientific Revolution to maturity by demonstrating that “the whole universe, from Kepler's elliptical orbits to Galileo’s rolling balls was unified in ________.

one coherent system

Bacon formalized the empirical methods used by Brahe and Galileo into a theory called: 

empiricism 

Descartes “mechanistic view” of the universe was it functioned in a mechanistic fashion and that every action had a: 

equal reaction

a) Descartes greatest achievement was to develop his initial vision into a: 

whole philosophy of knowledge and science

Governments responded to the “new science” with state sponsorship that created: 

national academies of science

Describe the role of women in the “new science” or worldwide view:

a) “rational” methods for approaching nature did not question:

traditional inequalities between the sexes.

b) new academies did not accept:

female members

c) Italian universities offered:

posts to women

d) Women across Europe were allowed to work as: 

makers of wax anatomical models + botanical and zoological illustrators

e) Women were involved in informal scientific communities such as:

salons, participating in scientific experiments and writing learned treatises

The Scientific Revolution had few consequences for the economy because:

a) Science had few practical _____ applications.

economic

b) What type of revolution was the Scientific Revolution:

an intellectual revolution.

Protestant countries were generally more conducive to science because like Denmark and the Netherlands, these countries Protestant countries lacked:

a strong religious authority capable of imposing religious orthodoxy on scientific questions. 

What were the three central concepts that were the core of the enlightenment:

1. Rationalism

2. Social science

3. Progress

Humanist thinkers of the Renaissance had emphasized worldly matters but their inspiration came from the classical past. Enlightenment thinkers were different because they came to believe that their era had gone far beyond _____ _and intellectual ________ was very possible.

antiquity, progress

John Locke’s essay, Concerning Human Understanding, Locke said that human development is determined by _______ and _______________.

education, social institutions

3 reasons why The Enlightenment reached its highest development in France:

1. French philosophers made it their goal to reach a larger audience of elites

2. French was the international language of the educated classes in the eighteenth century

3. French intellectuals were not as strongly restrained as intellectuals in eastern and east-central Europe.

How did philosophes get around censorship:

they circulated their most radical works in manuscript forms

• What were these documents filled with: 

satire and double meanings.

In the Persian Letters, what did Montesquieu use to symbolize Eastern political tyranny:

the oppression of women in the Persian harem, described in letters from Usbek’s wives

Madame Chatelet believed that women’s limited role in science was due to:

their unequal education

What did Voltaire believe was the “best one could hope for in the way of the government”:

a good monarch

Diderot’s goal of his Encyclopedia was to teach people to think critically and objectively about all matters; as Diderot said: “to change _____”

the general way of thinking

Two concepts of the “reading revolution”:

1) reading involved a broader _______

2) reading became individual and _____

1) field of books that constantly changed

2) silent

A significant feature of the “salon” was that the philosophes, French nobility, and prosperous middle class all did what: 

intermingled and influenced one another.

The style of soft pastels, ornate interiors, sentimental portraits, and starry-eyed lovers protected by hovering cupids was called: 

rococo 

In the “public sphere”, members of society came together as individuals to:

discuss issues relevant to the society, economics, and politics of the day

Europeans had believed they were culturally superior to people in African and the New World, now emerging ideas of the Enlightenment taught them:

they were biologically superior as well 

Rousseau’s wanted “privileged women” to:

renounce their frivolous ways and stay at home to care for their children

Rousseau’s concept of the “general will” is that it is not necessarily the will of the majority, at times the “general will” may correctly interpreted by a:

farseeing minority

List 4 enlightened policies of Frederick the Great:

he allowed his subjects to believe as they wished in religious and philosophical matters, improved his country’s schools, Prussia’s laws were simplified, and use of torture was abolished.

Which powers “portioned” (divided) up Poland in their own nations

Prussia, Austria, and Russia

Empress Maria Theresa’s government improved the lives of the agricultural population by:

continuously reducing the power of lords over their hereditary serfs and their partially free peasant tenants.

Which two groups opposed Joseph II’s conversion of labor to cash payments:

the nobility and the peasants

Describe the change within Jewish communities that accompanied the Haskalah:

controversial social change in which rabbinic controls loosened and heightened interactions w/ Christians took place.