AP Euro Chapter 4 / Wars of Religion

Hapsburg-Valois Wars (1494-1559)

Political dynastic wars fought between France and the Holy Roman Empire all over Europe.

Concordat of Bologna

Agreement giving French kings control over appointment and policies of church officials

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

This was the massacre that occurred during the wedding of a Catholic and Huguenot that was hoping to resolve the conflict between the two conflicting parties

War of 3 Henries

civil war between Henry III of France (Royalists); Henry IV of Navarre (Huguenots), and Henry of Guise (Catholics); Henry IV won. Henry Navarre won making the Bourbon family dominant.

Edict of Nantes (1598)

Decree issued by the French crown granting limited toleration to French Protestants. Ended religious wars in France and inaugurated a period of French preeminence in Europe and across the Atlantic. Its repeal in 1685 prompted a fresh migration of Protestant Huguenots to North America.

Council of Blood

created by the Duke of Alba, Spanish governor of the Netherlands, in 1567. The job of this Council was to try cases of suspected treason committed by Protestant rebels against the Catholic government imposed by Spain.

Dutch Republic

declared its independence from the Spanish Netherlands in the late 16th century. It established the Bank of Amsterdam and became the leading financial center on the Continent.

Elizabethan Settlement (1559)

Repealed Mary I's Catholic legislation; Parliament issued a Second Act of Supremacy that re-established Anglican independence from Rome and conferred on Elizabeth the title "Supreme Governor of the Church of England"; Elizabeth's religious settlement was basically Protestant, but it was a moderate Protestantism that avoided overly subtle distinctions and extremes.

Spanish Armada (1588)

Spanish fleet defeated in the English Channel in 1588. The defeat of the Armada marked the beginning of the decline of the Spanish Empire.

Defenestration of Prague

The throwing of Catholic officials from a castle window in Bohemia. Started the Thirty Years' War.

Edict of Restitution (1629)

Document issued by the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II in 1629 that ordered that all Catholic land taken by the Protestants must be returned.

Gustavus Adolphus

Swedish Lutheran king who won victories for the German Protestants in the Thirty Years' War and lost his life in one of the battles (1594-1632)

Peace of Westphalia (1648)

1. Ended the Thirty Years' War

2. Recognized Calvinism as a legally permissible faith

3. Recognized the sovereign independent authority of over 300 German states

4. Continued the political fragmentation of the HRE

5. Granted Sweden additional territory, confirming its status as a major power

6. Acknowledged the independence of the United Provinces of the Netherlands

military revolution

Advances in military technology led to new forms of warfare, including greater reliance on infantry, firearms, mobile cannon, and more elaborate fortifications, all financed by heavier taxation and requiring a larger bureaucracy. Technology, tactics, and strategies tipped the balance of power toward states able to marshal sufficient resources for the new military environment i.e. Spain, Sweden and France benefitted

The Thirty Years War

A series of European wars that were partially a Catholic-Protestant religious conflict. It was primarily a battle between France and their rivals the Hapsburg's, rulers of the Holy Roman Empire.

Charles V

Holy Roman Emperor and Carlos I of Spain, tried to keep Europe religiously united, inherited Spain, the Netherlands, Southern Italy, Austria, and much of the Holy Roman Emperor from his grandparents, he sought to stop Protestantism and increase the power of Catholicism. He allied with the pope to stamp out heresy and maintain religous unity in Europe. He was preocuppied with struggles with Turkey and France and could not soley focus on the rise of Protestantism in Germany.

Phillip II

King of Spain, 1556 - 1598; married to Queen Mary I of England; he was the most powerful monarch in Europe until 1588; controlled Spain, the Netherlands, the Spanish colonies in the New World, Portugal, Brazil, parts of Africa, parts of India, and the East Indies. "The Most Catholic King"

Counter-Reformation

The sixteenth-century reform movement in the Roman Catholic Church in reaction to the Protestant Reformation.

Presbyters

Meaning "elder." People who directed the affairs of early Christian congregations.

Baroque

A style of art marked by heavy and dramatic ornamentation and curved rather than straight lines that flourished between 1550 and 1750. It was especially associated with the Catholic Counter-Reformation.

Politiques

Rulers or people in positions of power who put the success and well-being of their states above all else.

Huguenots

French Calvinists.

Catherine de Medicis

(1519-1489) Wife of Henry II of France and regent for her sons Francis II, Charles IX and Henry III, she lent her support to the infamous Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre of Protestants.

Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre

On Saint Bartholomew's Day, August 24, 1572, Coligny and 3,000 fellow Huguenots were butchered in Paris.

Central Monarchies

Focused on tax, army , justice

Henry of Navarre

Leader of the Protestants in France, he succeeded the childless Valois king Henry III as Henry IV.

Edict of Nantes

On April 13, 1598, it proclaimed a formal religious settlement in France.

Peace of Westphalia

The peace treaty that ended the Thirty Years’ War in 1648 (fall of the Holy Roman Empire)

William of Nassau the Prince of Orange

(1533-1584) Known as "the silent" because of his small circle of friends, he placed the political autonomy and well-being of the Netherlands above religious creeds.

How did politics shape the religious positions of the French Leaders? What led to the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre, and what did it achieve?

Leaders of the time would choose the more dominant or popular religion of the time in order to have more authority. Catherine de Medici wanted to end protestantism and and convinced Charles IX and it changed how the conflict between the two religions went about.

Mary I

(1553-1558) Queen of England who executed hundreds of Protestants during her reign.

Elizabeth I

(1558-1603) Queen of England who had remarkable and enduring successes in both domestic and foreign policy.

Presbyterians

Scottish Calvinists and English Protestants who advocated a national church composed of semi autonomous congregations governed by "presbyteries."

Armada

130 Spanish ships that sailed towards England and lost to the English, giving heart to the Protestant resistance everywhere.

Gustavus Adolphus II

(1611-1632) A deeply pious king became the new leader of Protestant forces within the empire, opening the Swedish period of the Thirty Years' War.

Peace of Prague

(1635) The compromise between the German Protestants with Ferdinand.

Treaty of Westphalia

(1648) Ended all hostilities within the Holy Roman Empire, It said the ruler of a land would determine its official religion and it gave Calvinists their long-sought legal recognition.

In what way did the Peace of Augsburg precipitate the religious strife and civil wars of the last half of the sixteenth century?

The Peace of Augsburg did not extend recognition to non-Lutheran Protestants.(Calvinists)

How did politics shape the religious positions of the French leaders?

Many French leaders, for example Henry of Navarre, converted to the more popular religion to stay in power and have fewer enemies.

What led to the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre, and what did it achieve?

After Catherine de Medicis failed assassinate Coligny, she convinced Charles IX that only the swift execution of Protestant leaders could save the crown from a Protestant attack on Paris. The event changed the nature of the struggle between Protestants and Catholics both withing and beyond the borders of France.

What were the stages of the Thirty Years’ War?

The Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) had four main stages:

1. Bohemian Phase (1618-1625): Conflict began with the Defenestration of Prague, leading to the Battle of White Mountain.

2. Danish Phase (1625-1629): King Christian IV of Denmark intervened, but was defeated by Wallenstein.

3. Swedish Phase (1630-1635): Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden entered the war, achieving significant victories.

4. French Phase (1635-1648): France, under Cardinal Richelieu, supported the Protestant side against the Habsburgs, leading to a prolonged conflict.

The war ended with the Peace of Westphalia.

Dutch Republic (1600-1700s)

• provided the cheapest shipping rates in Europe

• first to establish a modern stock market

• first to figure out that religious intolerance wasn’t good for business

• center of trade

• Merchants

What was the excuse for going to war?

Religion

How did Spain gain a position of dominance in the sixteenth century?

By finding gold and silver in the New World, increased population, having efficient bureaucracy and military, and by having supremacy in the Mediterranean.

What led to the establishment of the Anglican Church in England?

Elizabeth merged a centralized episcopal system that she firmly controlled with broadly defined Protestant doctrine and traditional Catholic ritual.

Why was the Thirty Years' War fought?

Religious and political differences had long set Catholics against Protestants and Calvinists against Lutherans.

Was politics or religion more important in determining the outcome of the war?

Politics.

What were the main terms of the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648?

It reassured that the ruler of a land determines the official religion of the land, gave Calvinists their long-sought legal recognition, The HRE had to give up land, Balance of power, separation of church and state