India Regents Review

Location

Separated from Asia by the Himalayan Mountains in the north

Climate

Warm, dry winters and hot, warm summers. Monsoons cause the summers to be wet and the winters to be dry. Includes Himalayan Mountains, Ganges, Indus River, Deccan Plateau

Resources

Minerals: iron ore, steel. Agriculture: tea, sugar, cane, rice, cotton.

The Mughal Empire

Muslim minority in Hindu land, Religious tolerance, great government organization, with officials/tax collectors called Zamindars

Akbar

most famous Mughal leader, known for religious tolerance

Colonization/British vs. French

In the 1700s, Britain and France compete to rule India. British won and took over India easily using “divide and conquer” because the Mughals were already weakened. The British East India Company ran the colony

Colonization/Sepoy Mutiny

Sepoys: Indian soldiers in the British army who revolt against pork and beef grease on cartridges. Thousands of whites die before more British troops are sent to the region. British Raj: British government took over India in 1858 when India was the “crown jewel”

Indian National Congress

Hindus protesting for independence

Muslim League

Muslims protesting for independence and for a separate Muslim state

Armitsar Massacre

1919, British troops kill innocent Indians organizing to protest peacefully

Mohandes Ghandi

lead protester for Indian independence who believed in nonviolent protest. This included Passive resistance: peaceful ways of protesting against something (marches, boycotts, strikes). Civil disobedience: breaking a law on purpose to get attention for your cause such as the Salt March to protest the British tax and hold on salt

Indian Independence

India became free after WW2, in 1947, but they don’t know what to do with the Muslim minority in India, who would suffer in Hindu Hindu-dominated India

Pakistan

A nation just for Muslims that split in half: East and West Pakistan

Great Migration

There were many Hindus in these areas and many Muslims in India, so each religion migrated to their respective nations. Along the way, 1 million people were killed (mostly Muslims). East Pakistan separated in 1973 and became Bangladesh

Nehru

First leader of India after independence, believed in modernization, nonalignment during the Cold War

Fight over Kashmir

Kashmir: a state between India and Pakistan that Pakistan believes that India has taken unfairly. Constantly a threat of war because both sides have nuclear weapons they have pledged to use them

Green Revolution

1900s agricultural revolution where New technologies led to increased food production. They would not have been able to feed their growing population of over 1 billion people

Problems in South Asia

Illegal to discriminate based on the Caste System, but the system still affects social relationships. Traditional vs. Modern culture: as people urbanize, they drop some traditional values. All three nations in South Asia have huge, growing populations