Human Anatomy Bones

What is Osteogenic cells?

stem cells that differentiate into osteoblasts

What is Osteoblasts?

immature cells that actively produce and

secrete bone

What is Osteocytes?

mature cells that maintain bone

Whatr is Osteoclasts?

Responsible for resorption (breakdown) of bone

What does osteoclastrs secrete?

Secrete hydrochloric acid and lysosomal enzymes

What are oseteoclasts derived from?

line of white blood cells

What is compact bone?

Dense outer layer of bone

What are compact bones organized of?

osteons

What is spongy bone?

Found within flat bones and within the epiphyses (ends) of long bones

Where is spongy bone found?

flat bones and withing the epiphyses of long bones

What is the Epiphyses?

ends of bones

What is spongy bone organized up of?

trabeculae

what is trabeculae made up of?

little “beams” of bone

Where is red bone marrow found?

within the trabeculae of spongy bone

What is the reason that there is lysosomal enzymes and hydrochloric acid in the osteoclasts?

whenever there is too much calcium

What is another name for spongy bone?

cancellous

What is yellow bone marrow?

fat

Where is yellow bone marrow found?

open spaces called medullary cavities in long bone

True or False: All bones have spongy bone but not all bones have compact bone

false

True or False: All bones have compact bone but not all have spongy bone

True

What is the periostrium?

connective tissue that surrounds all of out bones that allows for other connective tissues to be intertwined

What is a safe place for vasculture, vessles and nerves to be at?

periostrium

What are some examples that consist spongy bones?

skulls, irregular bones, and short bones

What is Osteoporosis?

characterized by low bone mass, bone reabsorption outpaces bone deposition, occurs in most of women after menopause (secretion of estrogens helps maintain bone density)

Where does osteoporosis occur more likely in?

women after menopause

What is rickets?

weakened and bowed legs, malformation of the head and ribs (caused by dietary Vit D

and calcium phosphate deficiency).

What is rickets in adults?

osteomalacia

Where does rickets occur most likely in?

rickets

What is Osteosarcoma?

a form of bone cancer

What are type of horomes does cancer turmos secrete that normal tissues would not do?

Parathyroid hormone

What is paraneoplastic syndrome?

the body to release hormones or triggers the immune system to mistakenly attack healthy tissues and organs

What happens when a malignant tummor secretes PTH?

bones become very thin and break easily.

The increase in ____ in the blood can also cause problems like osteoporosis

Ca+2

What are the paired bones of the skull?

Temporal bones, Parietal bones

What are the eight large bones in the skull?

Frontal bone, Occipital bone, Sphenoid bone, Ethmoid bone, Temporal bones, Parietal bones

What are the paired facial bones?

Maxillae, Zygomatic bones, Nasal bones, Lacrimal bones, Palatine bones, Inferior nasal conchae

What are the unpaired facial bones?

Mandible and vomer

What is a Cleft palate?

failure of fusion of the lateral palatine processes, the nasal septum, and/or

median palatine process; surgery required

Is surgery required to fix a cleft palate?

yes

What are the causes of a cleft palate?

increased steroid exposure in fetal life augments the chance of cleft lip/

palate

Which type of palate is more common, Anterior cleft palate or Posterior cleft palate?

Posterior cleft palate

What is a Cleft Lip?

Failure of fusion of the maxillary and medial nasal processes leading to persistent

labial groove (uni- and bilateral), surgery required

Is surgery required for a cleft lip?

yes

What is the most common type of cleft lip?

Unilateral Cleft Lip

What is the most common congenital malformation of the head?

Uniform Cleft lip

What makes up the hynoid bone?

Body (anterior)

Greater horns (laterally)

Lesser horns (upwards)

What are the three functions of the nervous system?

1. Sensory receptors monitor changes inside and outside the

body, 2. Processes and interprets sensory input, 3. Dictates a response by activating effector organs

What is stimulus?

changes detected inside or outside the body

What is sensory input?

information gathered by receptors

What is Integration?

term for interpreting input

What is Motor output?

is the response

What is Central nervous system (CNS)?

Composed of the brain and spinal cord

What is Peripheral nervous system (PN?

Consists of nerves extending from brain and spinal cord, Peripheral nerves link all regions of the body to the CNS

What links all regions of the body to the CNS?

Peripheral nerves

What are some examples that are in the PNS?

Cranial nerves, Spinal nerves, Nerons and neuroglial cells

What is Sensory (afferent) signals carried by?

nerve fibers of PNS to the CNS

What are sensory or afferent signals?

electrical and chemical messages that travel from the body's sensory receptors toward the central nervous system ( smell, touch, sight, pain)

What are motor (efferent) signals?

nerve impulses that travel away from the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord towards the muscles

What are motor (efferent) signals carried by?

Innervate muscles and glands

What is the difference between efferent and afferent signals?

efferent signals carry command signals away from the brain and spinal cord, unlike sensory (afferent) signals that carry information toward the brain.

What is the Somatic nervous system?

Somatic motor (voluntary), Conducts impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles

What is the Autonomic nervous system (ANS)?

Visceral motor (involuntary), Conducts impulses from the CNS to cardiac muscles, smooth muscles, and glands

What are the two divisions of the ANS?

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

What are the two divisions of the Motor (efferent) division?

ANS and somatic nervous system

What is the sympathetic division?

Mobilizes body systems during activity

What is the parasympethetic?

Conserves energy, Promotes house- keeping functions during rest

What are the three different types of neurons?

Sensory neurons, Motor neurons, interneurons

What are Interneurons?

most are multipolar, Lie between motor and sensory neurons, Confined to the CNS

What are Multipolar nueron?

possess more than two processes

What are bipolar nueron?

possess two processes

What are unipolar nueron?

possess one short, single process

Where would you most likely find unipolar nuerons?

PNS

Where would you most likely find multipolar nuerons?

CNS

What are Astrocytes?

the most abundant glial cell type

Where would you find bipolar nuerons?

rare, found in sensory organs, like eye, ear, etc.

What are some function of astrocytes?

Sense when neurons release glutamate

• Extract blood sugar from capillaries for energy

• Take up and release ions to control environment around neurons

• Involved in synapse formation in developing neural tissue

• Produce molecules necessary for neuronal growth (BDTF)

• Propagate calcium signals involved with memory

What is Microglia?

Are the smallest and least abundant glial cell, Engulf invading microorganisms and dead neurons, Derive from blood cells, Migrate to CNS during embryonic and fetal periods

What are. monocytes?

blood cells

What are phagocytes?

the macrophages of the CNS

What are Ependymal cells?

Line the central cavity of the spinal cord and brain, Ciliated—help circulate the cerebrospinal fluid

What are some examples of nueroglia in the CNS?

astrocytes, microglia, Ependymal cells,Oligodendrocytes

What is Oligodendrocytes?

have few branches, Wrap their cell processes around axons in CNS to form myelin sheaths

What is Satellite cells?

surround neuron cell bodies within ganglia

What is Schwann cells (neurolemmocytes)?

surround axons in the PNS

What are the neruoglia in the PNS?

Satellite cells and Schwann cells

What are thw two organizations of the brain?

Centrally located gray matter (unmyelinated) and Externally located white matter (myelinated)

Are internuerons mylinated or unmyelinated?

unmyelinated

What are the four regions of the brain?

Brain stem, cerebellum, Diencephalon, Cerebral hemispheres (also known as cerebrum

What consists of the brain stem?

Midbrain, pons, and medulla

What are the general function of the brain stem?

Passageway for all fiber tracts running between the cerebrum and spinal cord, Heavily involved with the innervation of the face and head, Produces automatic behaviors necessary for survival, Integrates auditory and visual reflexes

How many crainal nerves originate from the brain stem?

10 out of the 12

WHat are the crainal nerves htat are attached to the medulla?

VIII— vestibulocochlear nerve

• IX— glossopharyngeal nerve

• X— vagus nerve

• XII— hypoglossal nerve

What is the main nerve that regulates parsymethatic?

vagus nerve

What is the Decussation of the pyramids?

Crossing over of motor tracts

What is the most caudal part of the brain?

Medulla Oblongata

What is the reticular formation of the medulla?

Network of nerve pathways that influence autonomic functions

What does visceral centers in the medulla include?

Cardiac center

• Vasomotor center

• Respiratory center

• Centers for hiccupping, sneezing, swallowing,

and coughing

What is the pons?

A “bridge” between the midbrain and medulla oblongata

What central nerves are found in the pons?

V—trigeminal nerve

• VI—abducens nerve

• VII—facial nerve

What does the pons include other than the central nerves?

Motor tracts coming from the cerebral cortex