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Segregation
________ is the selection of one of the two copies of a locus when a gamete is made during meiosis.
Deletions
________ are when a segment of a chromosome is left out during replication.
Fusions
________ are structural changes in which two nonhomologous chromosomes are joined.
Tetraploidy
________ is when two unreduced gametes meet and fertilize each other, and the offspring is produced that has four copies of each chromosome.
Duplications
________ are a mutation in which a second copy of a gene is inserted into the genome.
Introns
________ are non- coding segments between the exons.
Single nucleotide polymorphism
________ is a specific DNA base in the genome that varies among individuals.
Chromosomes
__________ are long strings of DNA bases bound together with proteins.
Inversions
________ are structural mutations that occur when a chromosome breaks in two places and the middle segment is reinserted in the reverse orientation.
locus
A ________ is a basic unit of genetic inheritance.
Maternal effects
________ occur when the genotype or phenotype of the mother directly influences the phenotype of her offspring.
Horizontal gene transfer
________ is the movement of DNA between individuals without help from sexual reproduction.
Epistasis
________ is the situation in which the effect of an allele at one locus depends on the allele at a second locus.
Reciprocal translocation
________ is the exchange of chromosome segments between two nonhomologous chromosomes.
mRNA
________ is translated into a string of amino acids that make up a protein.
Genes
________ are segments of chromosomes that perform a function.
Genotypes
________ are gene characteristics.
Insertions
________ are when a segment of DNA is added to a chromosome, either from nearby on the same chromosome or elsewhere in the genome.
DNA
The genetic material of almost all organisms on Earth is _________
linkage disequilibrium
If some combination of alleles has a high fitness, selection will generate _________ between them.
Recombination
________ is the process that combines in a gamete a gene copy at one locus that was inherited from the mother with a gene copy at the second locus that was inherited from the father.
Alleles
_________ are one of several forms of the same gene, presumably differing by mutation of the DNA sequence.
Phenotypes
________ are observable characteristics.
deleterious
Because most mutations are ________, natural selection favors lower mutation rates, at least in organisms with sexual reproduction.
Gene families
________ are created when duplication is repeated several times.
Codons
________ represent the amino acids that make up the protein.
Hardy Weinberg equilibrium
________ tells us the relative proportions of genotypes in a population when segregation is the only factor that changes genotypes frequencies.
Transcription
________ is the process where the DNA is changed from a gene into pre- mRNA.
Exons
________ are segments of the gene that code for amino acids.
Fitness
________ is the number of offspring it leaves to the next generation.
Germ lines
________ produce gametes when the individual is sexually mature.
genetic code
The ________ is a set of rules that relates the codons to the amino acids they represent.
Cultural inheritance
________ is transmitted by behavior and learning.
100 million
The average chromosome in humans has more than ________ base pairs (bp)
Recombination rate
________ (r) is the probability that recombination occurs between a given pair of loci (genes)
Pleiotropy
________ occurs when a single mutation affects multiple traits.
Whole genome duplication
________ is when meiosis produces a gamete that carries the entire diploid genome, rather than a haploid with just one pair of chromosomes.
Structural mutations
________ affect more than one base pair; most happen as errors when chromosomes are replicated.
haplotypes
DNA sequence variants, which may differ at several or many sites, are usually called _________.
Transition mutations
________ happen between A and G, and C and T.
polymorphic
A locus is ________ if the DNA sequence at the given locus varies among the chromosomes carried by different individuals.
linkage equilibrium
Recombination moves the population toward a state where there is no statistical association between the alleles at the two loci, a situation called _________.
Gene families
________ are two or more loci with similar nucleotide sequences that have been derived from a common ancestral sequence.
Mutations
______ are errors in DNA sequences, made during replication, that account for genetic variation in all organisms.
