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How do you filter out giardia lamblia?
Giardia lamblia is typically filtered out using rapid sand filtration. This method involves passing water through a bed of sand at a high rate. The sand traps the Giardia cysts, effectively removing them from the water supply. This process is commonly used in municipal water treatment plants.
Pharmaceuticals in water treatment plants are
Pharmaceuticals in water treatment plants can be present in both solid and liquid forms, posing a challenge for removal. Solid pharmaceuticals may include pills or capsules that have been improperly disposed of, while liquid forms can come from excretion or disposal of liquid medications. These substances can enter water systems through various routes, including wastewater discharge, surface runoff, and leaching from landfills. Their presence can lead to potential ecological and human health impacts, necessitating advanced treatment technologies for effective removal.
Which mosquito is the highest cause of encephalitis in the US?
Culex mosquitoes are the primary cause of encephalitis in the US.
What is it called when milk is heated to 191-212
Pasteurization
Order of priority: power outage at restaurant, chlorine gas leak at pool, no hand sink at food festival
Chlorine gas, power outage, no hand sink
What is an antibacterial agent used on skin tissue called ?
Antiseptic
What is the most common cockroach in US?
German
What type of cockroach is referred to as a water bug?
Either American or Oriental
What is the minimum distance between a water line and a sewer line in a trailer park?
10 ft
What is the slope for ramps determined by the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)?
The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) mandates that ramps have a maximum slope of 1:12. This means for every 1 inch of vertical rise, there must be 12 inches of horizontal run. This ensures accessibility for individuals using wheelchairs or other mobility devices, making it easier and safer to navigate ramps.
NSF and USL are organizations that
NSF and USL certify that food service equipment meets specific safety and sanitation standards.
What is the amount of soil you must put on a finished landfill
A finished landfill must have a final soil cover of at least 24 inches (2 feet) to prevent erosion, control odors, deter vectors (like rodents and insects), and promote vegetation. This cover helps to isolate the waste and minimize environmental impacts.
What is most likely to carry Hantavirus?
Rodents
Which is least likely to cause bites and itching in an urban setting
Ticks are least likely to cause bites and itching in urban settings compared to other pests like mosquitoes, fleas, or bed bugs. This is because ticks primarily reside in wooded or grassy areas, which are less common in densely populated urban environments. Ticks typically require hosts like deer, rodents, or other animals found more frequently in suburban or rural areas to complete their life cycle.
What does HACCP stand for?
Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points
Methemoglobinemia (a blood disorder) is caused by
Methemoglobinemia, also known as 'blue baby syndrome,' is a blood disorder where the hemoglobin in red blood cells cannot effectively carry oxygen to body tissues. This condition is primarily caused by high levels of nitrates in drinking water, which convert hemoglobin to methemoglobin. Infants are particularly susceptible because their digestive systems more readily convert nitrates to nitrites, which then react with hemoglobin. Symptoms include bluish skin (cyanosis), shortness of breath, and fatigue. Prevention involves monitoring nitrate levels in drinking water, especially for infants and pregnant women.
Hazardous waste : CRIT
Corrosive, reactive, ignitable, toxic
Organization that tests breathing apparatus
OSHA
Who is the incident commander?
The person with jurisdiction, person responsible for all aspects of emergency response
What is the calculation for pool turnover rate?
Turnover rate (hours) = Pool volume (gallons) / Flow rate (gallons per minute) * 60
Sous vide foods can lead to what foodborne illness?
Clostridium botulinum
What can you use after a national disaster for food?
After a national disaster, canned goods are a reliable option due to their long shelf life and ease of storage without refrigeration. They provide essential nutrients and are less susceptible to spoilage compared to fresh foods, ensuring a safe and accessible food supply during emergency situations.
Where do you store iced fish in the refrigerator?
Below ready to eat foods and above raw meats
What is considered comminuted?
Comminuted foods are those that have been reduced in size by methods such as grinding, chopping, or mincing. Examples include hot dogs, which are made from finely ground meat emulsions, and hamburgers, which consist of ground beef. This process alters the texture and often requires specific cooking temperatures to ensure safety.
What is bacteria that cannot grow in oxygen called?
Anaerobic
Which of these is different from the others? NSF, UL, ASNI, TLE
TLE stands apart from NSF, UL, and ANSI because it is not a widely recognized standards organization. NSF (National Sanitation Foundation) and UL (Underwriters Laboratories) are well-known for certifying products related to public health and safety. ANSI (American National Standards Institute) accredits organizations that develop standards. TLE may refer to a specific company, acronym, or standard that is not broadly applicable or recognized in the same context as the other three.
Freezing a toxin will have what affect?
Freezing has no effect on toxins.
True or false? Alpha particles are easily absorbable
True. Alpha particles are the least penetrating type of radiation and can be easily absorbed by materials such as a sheet of paper or even the outer layer of skin. The order of absorbability, from easiest to hardest, is alpha, beta, and then gamma.
What can alpha particles be blocked by?
Alpha particles can be effectively blocked by a sheet of paper due to their large mass and positive charge, which causes them to interact strongly with matter. Beta particles, being smaller and carrying a single negative charge, can penetrate paper but are stopped by materials like aluminum. Gamma radiation, consisting of high-energy photons, is far more penetrating and requires dense materials such as concrete or lead for effective shielding.
What kind of respirator do you need in 15% oxygen
In an atmosphere with 15% oxygen, a Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) is required. An SCBA provides a completely independent supply of breathable air, as this oxygen level is below the OSHA-defined permissible exposure limit, posing immediate danger to health or life. SCBAs are essential for ensuring respiratory protection in oxygen-deficient or immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH) environments.
Who regulates proper respirators?
OSHA (occupational safety and health administration)
What is the gap in an ice machine for?
An air gap in an ice machine is a physical separation between the water supply outlet and the flood rim of the ice machine's water tank. This gap prevents backflow, which could contaminate the potable water supply. The air gap ensures that non-potable substances cannot siphon back into the drinking water system, maintaining water safety and preventing health hazards.
Giardia lamblia ratio for infection?
The infectious dose of Giardia lamblia that typically causes disease is low; only a few cysts (as low as 10) are needed to initiate an infection in a susceptible host under favorable conditions. Host factors, such as immune status and overall health, along with the specific strain of Giardia, influence the severity of the infection. The commonly cited ratio of 500:1 is not the determining
What mosquito carries malaria?
Malaria is transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes.
What cockroach is most common in urban areas
German
What was modeled after the National Emergency Response
NIMS (national incident management system)
Malfeasance
Malfeasance is wrongful conduct, specifically doing something unlawful in an unapproved way.
REHS role in ice machine contamination prevention
REHS can prevent ice machine contamination by establishing a cleaning schedule.
There has been a flood and the septic tank has not been buried. What is a concern for pumping?
Floating of the tank
Why are nosocomial infections most severe in hospitals?
Nosocomial infections, also known as healthcare-associated infections (HAIs), pose the greatest risk in hospitals due to several factors: high concentrations of vulnerable patients (e.g., those with weakened immune systems, undergoing surgery, or with chronic illnesses), frequent use of invasive procedures and medical devices (such as catheters and ventilators), and the presence of a wide variety of pathogens, including antibiotic-resistant bacteria. These factors create an environment where infections can easily spread, leading to severe complications, prolonged hospital stays, and increased mortality rates.
Which airflow from hospitals is least critical?
Airflow from a hallway to a dirty laundry area is the least critical in hospitals because it does not directly impact patient care areas. Maintaining proper airflow is essential in hospitals to control the spread of airborne pathogens. Areas like operating rooms, intensive care units, and isolation rooms require carefully managed airflow to protect vulnerable patients from infection. Directing airflow from clean areas to less clean areas, such as hallways to dirty laundry, helps prevent contamination of sensitive zones. Therefore, while all airflow management is important, the hallway to dirty laundry area is of lower priority compared to patient-critical zones.
What is NIMS?
National Incident Management System , a systematic proactive approach to guide departments and agencies at all levels of government
What is ICS?
Incident Command System , a systematic tool for the command, control, and coordination of emergency response
Depth to water table of six inches requires a
Sand mound
Fast food facilities create the most
Fast food facilities produce the most F.O.G (fats, oil, grease) due to their high volume of fried foods and inefficient grease management practices. This leads to significant challenges in wastewater treatment and can cause sewer blockages, environmental pollution, and costly maintenance issues for municipalities. Proper disposal methods and grease traps are essential to mitigate these problems.
Which bacteria does HACCP target?
HACCP (Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points) primarily targets Listeria monocytogenes because it poses a significant risk in food processing environments. Listeria is a bacterium that can grow at refrigeration temperatures and is particularly dangerous for pregnant women, newborns, and individuals with weakened immune systems. HACCP systems implement control measures such as proper sanitation, temperature control, and thorough cooking to prevent Listeria contamination and growth, ensuring food safety and reducing the risk of listeriosis outbreaks.
Prevailing winds ...
Blow predominantly from a single direction over a particular point on earth's surface
What is the first thing you do if you come across mold in a room?
When you first encounter mold in a room, the immediate and primary action is to open a window to increase ventilation. This helps to reduce the moisture levels and disperse the mold spores in the air, mitigating the spread of mold and improving air quality. It's a temporary measure that should be followed by more thorough mold remediation and addressing the underlying moisture issues.
What is the effect of adding co2 to a septic tank?
Lowers ph
What disease is commonly spread through wastewater?
Hepatitis A is commonly spread through wastewater via the fecal-oral route. This typically occurs when untreated or poorly treated sewage contaminates water sources used for drinking, cooking, or recreational purposes. The hepatitis A virus (HAV) can survive in water for extended periods, making it a significant public health concern in areas with inadequate sanitation and water treatment facilities. Consumption of contaminated water or food prepared with contaminated water can lead to infection.
What guidance do you give a homeowner with a new septic tank?
Pump regularly
Best wastewater treatment for small community?
For a small community, a rapid sand filtration system is often the best choice for water treatment due to its effectiveness, relatively low cost, and ease of maintenance. Rapid sand filters can efficiently remove particulate matter, turbidity, and microorganisms from the water supply, ensuring it meets public health standards. Unlike slow sand filters, rapid sand filters require periodic backwashing to remove accumulated solids, but they can handle higher flow rates, making them suitable for
Nitrogen is transformed into what during conventional biological processes?
During conventional biological wastewater treatment, nitrogen undergoes transformations into several forms. Initially, organic nitrogen and ammonia are converted into nitrite and then nitrate through a process called nitrification. Subsequently, under anoxic conditions, nitrate is converted into nitrogen gas via denitrification. Additionally, nitrogen is incorporated into biological sludge as microorganisms consume and assimilate nitrogen compounds for growth and cellular functions. The primary end products are ammonia, which may be further processed, and biological sludge, which requires disposal or further treatment.
A family complains of multiple bites and a rash. What is the least likely organism to cause it?
Tick
There is a vacant lot that has been used for dumping of unwanted items. What is the correct action that REHS should perform?
The REHS (Registered Environmental Health Specialist) should first contact the property owner to inform them of the illegal dumping, and associated public health dangers like harborage of rodents or insects, and potential contamination. The REHS should discuss the necessary steps for cleanup, which may include removing the waste, and implementing preventative measures such as installing barriers to prevent further dumping, and posting "No Dumping" signs to discourage future incidents.
What should the public know about Hantavirus?
During a Hantavirus concern, educate the public on rodent prevention methods.
Define Toxicity
Toxicity refers to the degree to which a chemical substance or a particular mixture of substances can damage an organism. It describes the potential of a substance to cause adverse health effects, ranging from minor and reversible effects to severe, irreversible damage or death, depending on the dose and route of exposure (e.g., ingestion, absorption, inhalation).
Define Corrosivity
Corrosive wastes are acids or bases and are capable of corroding metal containers ex: battery acid
Define reactivity
Reactive wastes are unstable under normal conditions. They can cause explosions, undergo violent reactions, generate toxic fumes, gas , or vapors when heated compressed or mixed with water. Example: lithiumsulfur batteries
Define ignitability
Ignitable wastes can create fires under certain conditions, are spontaneously combustible, or have a flash point less than 60 degrees celcius. Ex: waste oils
Which amendments guarantnee due process?
Due process is a fundamental principle of justice ensuring fair treatment through the judicial system. Guaranteed by the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments, it protects individuals from arbitrary governmental actions. Substantive due process ensures laws themselves are fair and reasonable, while procedural due process mandates fair procedures, including notice and the opportunity to be heard, before the government can deprive someone of life, liberty, or property. These rights ensure that legal proceedings are conducted with
What is not a concern of silicosis?
Silicosis is a lung disease caused by the inhalation of crystalline silica dust, leading to inflammation and scarring in the lungs. Asbestos, on the other hand, is a different mineral fiber that, when inhaled, can cause asbestosis, lung cancer, and mesothelioma. While both are hazardous materials, asbestos is not directly related to the development or progression of silicosis. Therefore, the presence of asbestos in tiles or other materials is not a primary concern when evaluating the risks associated with silicosis.
What part of schools should be tested for radon?
Radon testing in schools should focus on first floor classrooms.
What present challenges in effectively communicating food inspection results?
Loud or busy kitchens present challenges in effectively communicating food inspection results.
Least likely to have Asbestos? Insulation, shingles, vinyl floors, ceramic tiles?
Ceramic tiles are generally considered to be one of the least likely building materials to contain asbestos. Asbestos was commonly used in various construction materials like insulation, roofing shingles, and vinyl floor tiles due to its heat-resistant and durable properties. However, ceramic tiles themselves are typically made from clay and other minerals, which are then fired at high temperatures. While asbestos might be found in the adhesive or backing used to install ceramic tiles in
Best colored soils for Septic?
Red, brown, or yellow soil, indicative of well-oxidized conditions, is best for onsite wastewater systems because it promotes effective filtration and pollutant removal. These soils typically have good drainage and proper aeration, which are essential for the breakdown of organic matter and the removal of pathogens
How long till chemical food poisoning presents?
Symptoms of chemical food poisoning can manifest rapidly, sometimes within as little as one hour after consuming the contaminated food. This rapid onset is due to the direct and immediate effects of the chemical toxins on the body. The severity and speed of symptom appearance can vary depending on the type and concentration
What is it called when you clean human skin?
Asepsis
What is the pH range of staph?
Staph's pH range for growth is 4.0-9.8.
Chemical sanitizer does what?
Reduces bacteria to safe levels but doesn't eliminate all.
What are the three primary water pollutants?
The three primary water pollutants are nutrients (such as nitrogen and phosphorus from fertilizers and sewage), sediments ( eroded soil from construction, agriculture and deforestation), and chemicals (including pesticides, industrial discharge, and pharmaceuticals). These pollutants can degrade water quality, harm aquatic life.
Which agency writes water policy to groundwater? NGWA, EPA, AWWA, USGS
The National Ground Water Association (NGWA) is the correct reference for guidance on writing water policy related to groundwater resources. While agencies like the EPA, AWWA (American Water Works Association, focuses on drinking water), and USGS (U.S. Geological Survey, focuses on research and data) all play roles in water management, the NGWA specifically advocates for sustainable groundwater use and provides resources for policymakers.
Order of priority: Routine food inspection, Failure of residential septic, Recalls of unsafe products
The order of inspections based on priority is: 1) Recalls of potentially unsafe products must be addressed immediately to prevent harm. 2) Routine food inspections, to ensure food safety and compliance with health regulations. 3) Failures of residential septic systems, as
Come across a gasoline spill on the highway, what are the appropriate steps to take
In the event of a gasoline spill on the highway, the immediate action is to contain the spill to prevent it from spreading further. This involves using absorbent materials or barriers to stop its flow and minimize environmental contamination and potential hazards.
Which of these is an example of uncommunicable dieseases? Cholera, diabetes, measles, influenza
Diabetes, unlike communicable diseases (cholera, influenza, measles), isn't infectious. It's a chronic condition with high blood glucose due to insulin issues, caused by genetics, lifestyle, and environment.
Define nonfeasance
Not acting when you should. Ex: not closing a restaurant when an imminent health hazard is observed
Define malfeasance
Wrongful conduct, doing something unlawful and in an unapproved way
Define misfeasance
Doing a proper act in an improper manner
Tattoo parlors must have what 3 qualities?
Tattoo parlors must ensure: sterile gloves, proper handwashing, and effective equipment disinfection.
What are the 7 tips for a healthy home? Keep it…
Healthy homes should be dry, clean, safe, well-ventilated, pest-free, contaminant-free, and well-maintained.
Which distance is less critical when considering potential contamination with Septic: Well to drainfield or bedrock to drainfield
The distance between a drain field and bedrock is less critical than the distances to a well or the water table because bedrock is typically a less permeable layer that poses a lower risk of contaminating water sources.
What should be considered when installing a well?
Drainfield
Which is most likely to infect water supply? Runoff from chicken farm, contaminated runoff, cesspool next to water supply
Cesspool next to water supply
Which indoor air pollutant is worse? Mold or tobacco smoke?
Tobacco smoke
What is silicosis?
Silicosis is a lung disease caused by inhaling crystalline silica dust, leading to inflammation and scarring in the lungs. It primarily affects individuals in occupations such as mining, sandblasting, and quarrying, where exposure to silica particles is high. Symptoms include shortness of breath, cough, and fatigue, and the condition can progress to severe respiratory impairment and increased susceptibility to other lung infections like tuberculosis. Prevention involves using appropriate respiratory protection and implementing dust
What type of septic system should be used for a rural community?
Slow sand filters are ideal for rural communities due to their effectiveness, low cost, and ease of maintenance in treating water.
Toxic lead
Toxic lead exposure levels are measured differently based on the medium:
- Blood: A level of 10 \frac{mg}{dl} (milligrams per deciliter) is considered dangerous in blood.
- Air: The limit is 0.15 \frac{mg}{m^3} (milligrams per cubic meter).
- Water: The limit is 15 \frac{mg}{L} (milligrams per liter) in drinking water.
These levels are set to protect against the adverse health effects of lead exposure, such as neurological and developmental problems.
What is the first thing you do if you suspect several workers are ill from sick building syndrome?
The initial step when suspecting sick building syndrome among workers is to interview the complainants. Gathering detailed information about their symptoms, the timing of their onset, and their specific locations within the building can provide valuable clues. It helps to identify patterns, potential sources of contamination, and the extent of the problem, guiding further investigation and corrective actions.
What is Sick Building Sydrome (SBS)
Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) is a condition where occupants of a building experience acute health and comfort effects that seem to be linked to time spent in the building, but no specific illness or cause can be identified. Symptoms typically improve or disappear when the occupants leave the building. Common complaints include headaches, fatigue, eye, nose, or throat irritation, dry cough, dry or itchy skin, dizziness and nausea, difficulty in concentrating, and sensitivity
What are the 7 tips for a healthy home? Keep it…
The 7 tips for a healthy home are:
Keep it dry: Prevent water leaks and moisture buildup to avoid mold and structural damage.
Keep it clean: Regularly clean surfaces to reduce dust, allergens, and pests.
Keep it safe: Ensure safety from hazards like lead, asbestos, and radon; install smoke detectors and maintain a secure environment.
Keep it well-ventilated: Ensure fresh air circulation to reduce indoor pollutants and moisture.
Keep it pest-free: Control pests to prevent diseases and allergies.
Keep it contaminant-free: Minimize exposure to pollutants like pesticides, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and carbon monoxide.
Keep it well-maintained: Regularly inspect and repair the home to prevent hazards and ensure a healthy living environment.
What should an ice machine disposal hook up to?
Floor drain with air gap
What bacteria is used as an indicator for sterilization in an autoclave?
Bacillus stearothermophilus at 10^6 is used to indicate effective sterilization during autoclaving.
What is the biggest concern at a festival lasting more than three days?
At festivals lasting more than three days, the biggest concerns are maintaining a safe water supply, managing sewage disposal, and ensuring food protection to prevent the spread of disease among attendees.
Flu virus is mainly passed via
Humans
Which is least likely to cause disease? Foodborne,Waterborne,Soilborne
While soil can harbor pathogens, it is less likely to directly cause disease compared to other sources like contaminated water, food, or direct human contact. Pathogens in soil often require a vector or intermediary for transmission to humans, reducing the immediate risk. Furthermore, most individuals do not have frequent or direct contact with soil under conditions that would lead to infection, unlike exposure routes associated with foodborne or waterborne illnesses.
What is most likely to contaminate food?
Humans
By how many millions of people is the population increasing?
80 million per year
Latrine air venting
Minimize odors in a privy or latrine through biological activities and proper ventilation.
Is household hazardous waste exempt from RCRA?
Yes
What does RCRA stand for?
Resource conservation and recovery act