Neuroanatomy Exam #1

Glia

helper cells in brain and nervous system

foundational principles in neuroscience (6)

1. dynamic systems theory

2. distributed control

3. adaptation

4. localization of function

5. phylogenetic layers

6. crossed representation

dynamic systems theory (foundational principle)

-systems can be studied at VARIOUS LEVELS

• microscoppic - molecules/cells in nervous system

• mesoscopic - groups of cells and systems

• macroscopic - whole organism with enviornment

INTERACTION OF SYSTEMS IS KEY

distributed control (foundational principle)

-at one singular time the nervous system is coordinating MANY activities

Adaptation (foundational principle)

-nervous system can CHANGE which changes BEHAVIOR that is shaped by ENVIORNMENT

neurocupation

-idea that brain changes itself based on what we do

localization of function (foundational principle)

-structures tied loosely to function

• Topographical organization - brain compared to MAP

• Brodmans areas - classification, uses NUMBERS

• Hemispheric specialization - hemispheres connected with specific function (language on left side)

Phylogenetic layers (foundational principle)

newer parts of brain located on top of head and primitive parts (breathing and heart rate) located deeper within the brain

Crossed representation (foundational principle)

-left side of the brain functionally corresponds to right side

-cerebellum = exception

-corpus callosum: connects R. and L. hemispheres

what type of matter is deeper in the brain

white matter

what type of cells are in nervous system

neurons and glial cells

sulcus

gyrus

fissure

cortex

sulcus - crevices in brain, VALLEY

gyrus - ridges of brain, MOUNTAINS

fissure - REALLY DEEP CANYON

cortex - outer layer of the brain

neuron

functional unit of the nervous system consisting of

dendrites, a cell body, & an axon

nerve fiber

dendrite and axons

difference between white and grey matter

white - lots myelinated axons

grey - many cell bodies (nuclei)

term for cell bodies in CNS and PNS

CNS - nucleus

PNS - ganglion

PNS

all the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord

term for term for groups of parallel axons in CNS and PNS

CNS - tract, fasciculus, lemniscus, capsule, peduncle

PNS - nerve, ramus, root

term for several parallel tracts or fasciculi in CNS

funiculus

(FUN - so more parallel tracts then the fasiculus/tract/lemniscus/capsule/peduncel)

Group of axons connecting R and L side of brain

commissure

group of functionally related cells that form a layer

layer / lamina / stratum

proximal/distal

-Proximal/Distal = Nearest the point of origin/Farther from the point of origin

Afferent/Efferent

Conducts information centrally (sensory)/Conducts information peripherally (motor)

Rostral/Caudal

Toward the beak or head/Toward the tail or coccyx

Ventral/Dorsal

-Ventral/Dorsal = Toward the front (belly)/Toward the back

Ipsilateral/Contralateral

Ipsilateral/Contralateral On the same side of the body/On the opposite side of the body

Medial/Lateral

-Medial/Lateral = Toward the midline/ Away from the midline

“the bed” on neural axis

80 degree bend at midbrain-diencephalon juncture

difference between ventral/dorsal and posterior/anterior

context specific

planes

-sagital - through side, can be mid or para depending on R or L side

-transverse/horizontal/axial - cut through belly

-coronal/frontal - cut through middle of head like put on crown

four major parts of the brain

1.cerebrum

2.diencephalon

3.cerebellum

4.brainstem

what is in the CNS and PNS

CNS

• brain and spinal cord

PNS

• cranial nerves (12 pairs)

• spinal nerves (31 pairs)

cerebrum (one of 4 major parts of brain)

largest part of brain

-2 hemispheres

-5 lobes

-cerebral cortex

-deeper structures

diencephalon (one of 4 major parts of brain)

all things thalamus

cerebellum (one of 4 major parts of brain)

is dorsal to pons

-attached to brainstem with 3 big fiber groups (peduncle)

what is fiber sometimes referred to in neuroscience

a fiber

(nerve fiber is just bundle of many axons)

brainstem (one of 4 major parts of brain)

has 3 regions

• midbrain

• pons

• medulla

ANS - autonomic nervous system

-AUTOMATIC functions like heart rate
-innervates SMOOTH muscle and glands

-regulates homeostasis

-parasympathetic (rest digest) and sympathetic systems (fight flight)

SNS - Somatic nervous system

-controls VOLUNTARY functions

-innervates musculoskeletal tissue and skin

how is the orientation between white and grey matter different in the spinal cord then the brain?

is is the opposite orientation in the brain then spinal cord. So white matter on outside and grey inside spine but opp. for brain.

when does brain reach max weight and start loosing weight

max at 20

looses weight at 40

whats another name from neural tube formation?

primary neurolation

(process of turning into a brain)

neural tube formation process

1. 3rd week of embryonic development, NEURAL PLATE forms (on ectoderm)

2. plate folds to make NEURAL GROOVE in midline with NEURAL FOLDS on side

3. week 4: neural folds fuse and make NEURAL TUBE

4. 4th week: tube development is complete

5. neural tube make CNS

6. neural tube seperated from ectoderm and leaves cells from crest of folds: NEURAL CREST CELLS

what is significant about time frame of neural tube development?

developed by week 4

-moms don’t know pregnant yet

-people should take supplements before they know prego bc good for healthy for neural tube formation and cant wait till. you know bc by that point neural tube already formed

what does the cavity inside the neural tube give rise to?

ventricular system - has CSF and stuff in brain

central canal - spinal cord

what is the importance of the leftover neural crest cells in after neural tube formation?

gives rise to the PNS

secondary neurolation

-occurs after neural tube closes

-during 5ht and 6th week

-forms SACRAL SPINAL CORD region