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What do gluons do?

They hold quarks together to form subatomic particles.

What is dark energy?

A repulsive force that drives the universe's expansion.

What is inflation in cosmology?

A rapid expansion of the universe to the size of a grapefruit or football.

What is helium?

The second atom to form after the Big Bang; contains two protons, neutrons and electrons.

What is hydrogen?

The first atom to form after the Big Bang; contains one proton and electron.

What are quarks?

The building blocks of protons, neutrons and electrons.

What is a supernova?

The explosion or death of a star resulting in a black hole or neutron star.

What are galaxies?

Huge collections of gas, particles and stars held together by gravity and dark matter.

What is a nebula?

The gasses and matter left behind by a supernova that will eventually become a new galaxy.

What is the singularity?

All of the matter and energy of the universe contained within an infinitely dense point.

What does the flagella do?

It's a structure that looks like a tail and is used to propel certain bacteria.

What part of the cell is not found in bacteria?

Nucleus.

What were the first unicellular eukaryotes to evolve?

Protists.

Which organisms evolved photosynthesis first?

Cyanobacteria.

Which four cellular structures do all living organisms have in common?

Cell membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, ribosomes.

Which organelle is required for cellular respiration?

Mitochondria.

What are ribosomes responsible for?

Building proteins.

What do opposable thumbs help differentiate in humans?

From our closest living primate relatives.

What allowed plants to grow larger?

Vascular Tissue.

What carries glucose throughout vascular plants?

Phloem.

Who are the organisms that are bipedal?

Hominins.

What describes membrane-enclosed components of cells?

Organelles.

Who were the hunter gatherers that were taller but not fully upright?

Homo ergaster.

Which group contains members most closely associated with a wet or moist environment?

Amphibians.

The earliest ancestors of about half of all extant animal phyla can be traced back to the __ explosion.

Cambrian.

The singularity was an _.

infinitely dense/hot cluster of all the matter and energy in the universe.

Most bryophytes, such as mosses differ from all other plants in that they ___.

lack true leaves and roots.

The region in bacteria where the DNA is located is called the __.

Nucleoid.

What increases genetic variation in a population?

Sexual reproduction.

In reptiles, scales and eggs prevent these organisms from drying out or ____.

Desiccation.

What do chloroplasts convert energy from sunlight to?

Chemical energy.

What kinds of mammals are capable of regulating their own body temperature?

Endothermic.

Which characteristics are shared by algae and seed plants?

Photosynthesis.

Who did modern humans and Neanderthals evolve from?

Homo heidelbergensis.

Who was short with long arms, body hair and the inability to use tools?

Australopithicus.

Which of the following is not a principle of Darwin's theory of natural selection?

Replication.

What type of selection is responsible for the large antlers seen on male elks?

Intrasexual selection.

What is the supercontinent that separated due to continental drift?

Pangea.

Which cause of genetic variation reliably increases the frequency of beneficial alleles?

Natural selection.

Chance events in small populations leads to __ which causes unpredictable changes in allele frequencies.

Genetic drift.

What is it called when two sources of genetic information are recombined to make a genetically unique organism?

Sexual reproduction.

An is a version of a gene.

Allele.

The bottleneck effect refers to __.

A significant reduction in the size of a population due to environmental events.

_ occurs in plants when they have more than two full sets of DNA.

Polyploidy.

Emigration is the movement of individuals ___.

out of a population.

Human fertilization relies on the release of _ from the egg.

Chemoattractants.

The introduction of a new _ can result in speciation.

Niche.

What studies the changing allele frequencies of populations over time?

Microevolution.

The evolution of life on the newly formed island of Hawaii was most strongly influenced by ___

Founder effect.

What process generated results indicating interbreeding occurred before human migration further east?

Gene flow.

What keeps two populations of flightless birds separate?

Habitat isolation.

Which mechanism explains the genetic uniqueness of a population?

Founder and genetic drift.

After an earthquake, the surviving ground-squirrel population has broader stripes. This is an example of what?

Bottleneck effect.

Over time, the movement of people has altered the course of human evolution by increasing __.

Gene flow.

The main source of genetic variation among humans is .

Sexual reproduction.

This kind of isolation is used by dog breeders to maintain breed purity.

Habitat isolation.

Which postzygotic barriers prevent formation of hybrids beyond the first generations?

Hybrid breakdown.

What is an example of allopatric speciation where two populations couldn't breed after being reunited?

House finch example.

What type of isolation occurs when the pollen from one species cannot fertilize the eggs of another species?

Gametic isolation.

The dimer of a carbohydrate is known as a __.

Disaccharide.

What is the storage polysaccharide found in plants?

Starch.

What type of polysaccharide consists of three or more monomers linked together in a chain?

Polysaccharide.

What process is used to link monomers together?

Dehydration synthesis.

What process is used to break polymers into individual monomers?

Hydrolysis.

What type of bond holds polysaccharides together?

Glycosidic linkage.

A __ is a chain of repeating subunits or monomers.

Polymer.

What structural polysaccharide is found within the cell walls of fungi?

Chitin.

What is the storage polysaccharide found in animals?

Glycogen.

Which structural polysaccharide is found in the cell wall of plants?

Cellulose.

The monomer of a carbohydrate is a __.

Monosaccharide.

Which functional group is not found in fats or phospholipids?

Ketone.

What type of bond is found in fats and phospholipids?

Ester linkage.

What is a lipid containing a glycerol, two fatty acids and a phosphate group?

Phospholipid.

A molecule made of a glycerol and three fatty acids is called a __.

Fat.

A fatty acid has a __ and a chain of carbons and hydrogens.

Carboxyl.

What structural characteristic do steroids have?

Four fused rings of carbon.

Phospholipids are __ because they contain both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts.

Amphipathic.

Which level of protein folding holds multiple peptides together in a polypeptide?

Quaternary.

What type of bonds can occur between sulfhydryl groups in tertiary structure?

Disulfide bridges.

Alpha helices and beta pleated sheets are associated with which structure of proteins?

Secondary structure.

What is not a function of proteins?

Energy storage.

Which bonds are responsible for holding the primary structure of proteins together?

Peptide bonds.

What two functional groups make up an amino acid?

Carboxyls and Amines.

What type of bonds can occur between acidic and basic amino acids in tertiary structure?

Ionic bonds.

Which part of an amino acid varies?

R group.

Proteins are held together by _ bonds.

Peptide.

What does NOT affect a protein's structure?

Changes in atmospheric pressure.

What type of bonds can occur between nonpolar R groups in tertiary structure?

Hydrophobic interactions.

What is the only nonpolar functional group?

Methyl.

Which of the following is NOT true regarding proteins?

They are double-stranded.

What best describes nucleotides?

A nitrogenous base and a sugar.

Fats and phospholipids both contain __.

Glycerol.

What describes the way DNA strands pair?

Complementary.

Which molecule is stored from excess glucose in the pancreas?

Glycogen.

If a strand of DNA contains 28% thymine, what percentage of the DNA would be cytosine?

22%.

Which of the following is not a polymer?

Glucose.

What type of links hold polysaccharides together?

Glycosidic linkages.

Which statement is true regarding nucleic acids?

DNA contains deoxyribose sugar.

Which of the following is true of unsaturated fats?

They are more common in plants than in animals.

Which of the following is NOT a function of proteins?

Long-term energy storage.