Campbell's Biology CH 1-5 | USABO

Order of life

Biosphere, Ecosystem, Community, Population, Organism, Organ, Tissue, Cell, Organelles, Molecule

Reductionism

Simplified version of complex model

Prokaryotic

Single cell, not membrane-bound; Bacteria and Archaea

Eukaryotic

Membrane-bound

Proteomics and Genomics

Study of Proteins and Study of Genomics

Feedback Regulation

Output becomes input; Negative and positive feedback loops from AP Bio

Scientific Name

Genus, Species

Cohesion

H bonds between water

Adhesion

H bond to non water

Thermal Energy

Volume dependent kinetic mvt measurement

Temperature

Average kinetic mvt.

High Specific Heat causes ___ because ___

Heat of vaporization, evaporative cooling, less dense as solid; H bonds

Water is universal solvent because

polarity

Hydration shell

Water molecules dissolving ion

Acid

more H+; removes OH-

Base

accepts H+

Buffer

Acid + Base to add/remove H+

pH Equation

-log[H+]

Change pH by 1 →

change acidity by x10

[H+][OH-] =

10^-14

Carbon bonding property

4 way bond

Hydrocarbons

Molecule of only Hydrogen + Carbon

Isomer

Same composition, different conformation

Structural Isomer

Different carbon skeleton

Cis isomer

Functional group on same side

Trans isomer

Functional group on opposite side

Enantiomers

mirrored structure because asymmetric carbon

Functional groups property

hydrophilic except sulfhydryl

Hydroxyl

-OH; alcohol

Carbonyl

>C=O; Ketone(in skeleton); Aldehyde(end of skeleton)

Carboxyl

-COOH; Carboxylic/Organic Acid

Amino

-NH₂; Amine

Sulfhydyrl

-SH; Thiol

Phosphate

-OPO₃^-2; Organic Phosphate

Methyl

-CH₃; Methylated Compound; Biological tag

Macromolecule/Polymer

Linked monomers

Enzymes

Speed up synthesis/breakdown

Dehydration

H + OH → H₂O

Hydrolysis

H₂O → H + OH

Carbohydrate Types

Monosaccharide, Disaccharide, Polysaccharide

Monosaccharide

Has C=O and -OH; ends in “-ose”

Disaccharide

2 monosaccharides linked with glycosidic linkage

Storage Polysaccharide

Starch (plant): amylose (unbranched) and amylopectin (branched)
Glycogen (animal): in liver and muscles

Structure Polysaccharide

Cellulose (plant): alpha (OH same side), beta (OH opposites)
Chitin (animal): exoskeleton

Branched vs unbranched

Branched more reactive

Lipids diff bc

not macromolecule

Fat

glycerol + 3 fatty acids

Fatty acid

carbon skeleton + carboxyl

Saturated fatty acid

all hydrogen filled

Unsaturated

Double bond kink (cis) → bend

Phospholipid

2 fatty acids + phosphate + choline(charged)

Steroid

4 fused carbon rings → cholesterol and sex hormones

Proteins

Structure, defense, enzymes

Globular Protein

spherical

Fibrous Protein

long fiber

Intrinsically disordered

No 3D shape prior to interaction

X-ray crystallography

Diffraction of light from crystal → 3D structure