AP Euro - Chapter 20

What historical process led to the British Industrial Revolution?

A long process of development influenced by past revolutions like the Enlightenment and scientific advancements.

What economic factor contributed to the British Industrial Revolution in the 17th century?

The expansion of English woolen cloth exports throughout Europe.

How did Britain's mercantilist colonial empire support industrialization?

It provided raw materials and a growing market for British goods.

What role did agriculture play in the British Industrial Revolution?

New farming methods led to abundant food production, lower food prices, and a workforce available for factories.

What was the enclosure movement, and how did it impact labor?

It displaced agricultural workers, making them available for factory work.

How did the British population's spending habits change during the Industrial Revolution?

Families could afford to spend more on manufactured goods instead of just bread.

What was the Putting Out System?

A system where merchants provided raw materials to cottage workers who processed them at home.

Who invented the cotton-spinning jenny, and when?

James Hargreaves invented it in 1765.

What was the significance of Richard Arkwright's water frame?

It utilized water power for cotton spinning, leading to large-scale factories.

What was the impact of the cotton textile industry on British manufacturing?

It allowed British manufacturers to compete successfully in international markets.

What was the role of the steam engine in the Industrial Revolution?

It converted coal into mechanical energy, powering machinery and revolutionizing production.

Who improved the steam engine, and what was his contribution?

James Watt improved the steam engine, making it more efficient and commercially successful.

What was the primary energy source for Europe before the Industrial Revolution?

Wood and human/animal labor.

What challenges did early coal mines face?

Mines had to be dug deeper and were often filled with water, requiring expensive pumping solutions.

What was the significance of the firm Boulton and Watt?

They made the steam engine a practical and commercial success in Britain.

What were the working conditions like in early factories?

They were harsh, with children often working in poor conditions under strict discipline.

What was the relationship between the Industrial Revolution and the commercialization of the European economy?

The Industrial Revolution reflected the increasing commercialization of the economy, shifting labor from household consumption to wage work.

How did the Industrial Revolution affect literacy rates in Britain?

Higher wages allowed families to send children to school, resulting in increased literacy and knowledge of math.

What was the impact of international competition on British cotton production?

It drove English entrepreneurs to invent new technologies to reduce labor costs.

What was the role of the British state in the Industrial Revolution?

The British state implemented heavy taxation and aggressive tariffs that supported industrial growth.

How did the introduction of machine power change labor organization in factories?

It led to the organization of labor around the functioning of highly productive machines.

What was the significance of the cotton mills established in the 1770s and 80s?

They marked the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in Britain.

What was the effect of the Industrial Revolution on the iron industry?

The reliance on coal for power helped revive the stagnating iron industry.

What was the societal impact of the Industrial Revolution on the working class?

It led to unprecedented exploitation, particularly of children, in harsh working conditions.

What was the first major invention that utilized steam power in various industries?

The steam engine

Who developed the puddling furnace that boosted the iron industry?

Henry Cort

What was the significance of the invention of rails for the coal industry?

It improved transportation efficiency for coal.

Who invented the first steam locomotive?

Richard Trevithick

What was the name of George Stephenson's effective locomotive tested in 1829?

The Rocket

What economic changes did the invention of railroads bring?

Reduced shipping costs and expanded markets.

What major exhibition was held in London in 1851 to showcase industrial technology?

The Great Exhibition

What was Britain's claim regarding its industrial production?

Britain was the 'workshop of the world'.

What did Thomas Malthus predict about rapid population growth?

It would lead to famine and disease as population control.

What is the Iron Law of Wages proposed by David Ricardo?

It suggests that population growth prevents wages from rising above subsistence levels.

How did industrialization affect the wealth distribution among workers?

It led to a disparity where the rich got richer and the poor got poorer.

What characterized the pace of industrialization outside of Western Europe?

It proceeded more gradually with uneven national/regional variations.

Which countries were lagging in industrial production by 1800?

China and India

What advantage did Western European nations have in catching up with Britain?

They could borrow British technologies and had experienced capitalists.

Who was William Cockerill and what was his contribution to industrialization?

He introduced British industrial methods to Belgium and established a large industrial business.

What challenges did Fritz Harkort face while trying to industrialize in Germany?

He lacked skilled workers and faced difficulties in obtaining materials.

What strategic choice did France make regarding industrial production?

They focused on artisan production of luxury items.

What role did government support play in industrialization after the wars of 1815?

Governments adopted successful policies similar to those of Britain to promote industrial growth.

What was the impact of the steam engine on water travel?

It transformed water travel with the invention of steam ships.

What was the significance of the Crystal Palace in the context of industrialization?

It was an architectural masterpiece showcasing Britain's industrial achievements.

What was the relationship between population growth and labor force mobility in Britain?

Rapid population growth created a more mobile labor force with many young job seekers.

How did industrialization affect the size of markets?

Markets expanded from small and local to larger and nationwide.

What was one of the key factors sustaining population growth during industrialization?

Innovations in agriculture and industry.

What did the data on industrial production reveal about Western countries in the 19th century?

They successfully emulated the British model of industrialization.

What was one consequence of larger factories resulting from industrialization?

They produced goods more cheaply, increasing pressure on artisans.

How did the industrial revolution impact the iron industry?

It led to increased production and reduced costs, making iron a cheap building block of the economy.

What was a major consequence of the construction of railroads on labor?

It raised demand for unskilled labor, contributing to the growth of the urban working class.

What did the term 'workshop of the world' imply about Britain's industrial output?

It indicated that Britain produced a significant portion of the world's industrial goods.

What is tariff protection?

A government policy of supporting its economy by imposing high taxes on imported goods.

Which country led the way in building infrastructure like roads and railroads after 1815?

Belgium

Who was Friedrich List?

A German journalist and thinker who advocated for government support of industrialization.

What was the Zollverein?

A tariffs union in Germany that allowed goods to move freely between member states without tariffs.

What role did banks play in industrial development in continental Europe?

Banks supported industrial development by establishing themselves as corporations and attracting investors.

What was the impact of the Industrial Revolution on regions outside of Europe before the 1860s?

The Industrial Revolution had little transformative impact, with notable exceptions like the USA and Japan.

What challenges did countries like Russia and Egypt face in industrializing?

They struggled to compete with lower-priced European imports and remained reliant on agricultural exports.

What was the effect of imperialism on industrialization in colonized regions?

Imperial powers monopolized markets, preventing local industrialization and leading to economic dependency.

What was the nature of early factories during the Industrial Revolution?

They were often cotton mills located near rivers and used steam power instead of water.

Why were cottage workers initially reluctant to work in factories?

They were used to working at their own pace and faced long hours and harsh punishments in factories.

What was the trend regarding child labor in factories by the 1790s?

The use of child labor began to decline as it was forbidden by Parliament.

How did families adapt to working in factories during early industrialization?

Families often worked together in factories, preserving their economic unit and social bonds.

What were the Factory Acts?

Legislation passed between 1802 and 1833 that limited the workday for child laborers and set hygiene and safety standards.

What was the new sexual division of labor by 1850?

Men became the primary wage earners while married women were expected to focus on home duties.

What were the characteristics of the 'separate spheres' ideology?

It defined gender roles with men as wage earners and women as homemakers, limiting women's job opportunities.

What was the impact of the Industrial Revolution on economic inequality?

Industrialization led to increased inequality, with many regions becoming economically dependent on industrialized nations.

What was the role of children in early factories?

Children were often employed due to their lack of agency and were subjected to the same long hours as adults.

How did the introduction of corporate banks affect industrial development?

It allowed banks to attract investors and provide resources for industrial ventures, promoting economic growth.

What was a major consequence of the Industrial Revolution for regions like Latin America?

They became increasingly economically dependent and vulnerable to political domination due to lack of industrialization.

What did Friedrich List believe about the gap between nations?

He believed that a wider gap between advanced and backward nations was dangerous and advocated for industrial growth.

What was the significance of the steam power adoption in Latin America?

It led to increased reliance on agricultural exports rather than a rise in industrial production.

What were the working conditions like for children in factories?

Children faced long hours, harsh conditions, and were often exploited by employers.

How did the family structure change with the rise of factories?

The pattern of families working together was disrupted as factories became managed by impersonal managers.

What was the economic focus of many regions that failed to industrialize?

They remained focused on agricultural exports rather than developing industrial production.

What was the general trend of industrialization in the 19th century?

It resulted in significant economic growth in industrialized nations while others fell into deindustrialization.

What new division of labor emerged during the Industrial Revolution?

A sexual division of labor that affected women and families.

What challenges did married women face in industrial settings?

Conflicts between work-time and childcare-time, and dangerous working conditions.

What was the Mines Act of 1842?

It prohibited underground work for all women and girls, as well as boys under 10.

How did middle-class women view their roles during the Industrial Revolution?

They embraced the 'separate spheres' ideology, focusing on domestic duties.

What is class-consciousness?

Awareness of belonging to a distinct social and economic class with conflicting interests.

What was the impact of industrial development on the middle class?

It strengthened the wealth and size of the middle class, creating new social groups.

What criticisms did the British Industrial Revolution face?

Critics like Romantic poets and Luddites protested against factory conditions and the loss of rural life.

What did Friedrich Engels argue in 'The Condition of the Working Class in England'?

He accused capitalist classes of causing suffering among the working class due to industrial capitalism.

What was Andrew Ure's perspective on factory conditions?

He argued that conditions in most factories were not harsh and were even quite good.

What were the Combination Laws?

British laws passed in 1799 that outlawed unions and strikes, favoring capitalist interests.

Who was Robert Owen?

A social reformer who pioneered industrial relations and was involved in early national unions.

What was the Chartist Movement?

A movement that sought political democracy and the right to vote for all men.

How did the Industrial Revolution affect working-class women?

They found fewer opportunities for participation in the business world and were valued for domestic roles.

What was the role of slavery in the Industrial Revolution?

Enslaved labor contributed to profits from colonial plantations and influenced British industrial growth.

What was the significance of the British Parliament abolishing the slave trade in 1807?

It marked a legal end to the slave trade, but slavery remained integral to cotton supply for British mills.

What were the conditions for working-class people during the Industrial Revolution?

Many believed conditions were worsening despite some claims of improvement.

What did the early British labor movement seek?

Higher wages, better working conditions, and political rights for workers.

What was the Amalgamated Society of Engineers?

A successful craft union representing skilled machinists during the Industrial Revolution.

How did industrialization impact class relations?

It intensified conflicts between the middle and working classes, leading to increased class consciousness.

What did the term 'satanic mills' refer to?

A phrase used by Romantic poets to describe the harsh conditions of factories.

What was the significance of the term 'separate spheres' during this period?

It reflected the ideology that men and women had distinct roles in society, particularly regarding work and home.

What were the main demands of the Chartist Movement?

Universal male suffrage, shorter working hours, and better living conditions.

What did the Luddites do?

They attacked factories and smashed machines they believed were threatening their jobs.