Chapter 1 - First Things First Beginning in History to 600 B.C.E.

Charles Darwin

________ was an archeologist and anthropologist who found that leading homo sapiens diverged from that leading to chimpanzees about 5 to 6 million years ago.

Fertile Crescent

Wheat and wild pigs existed in the ________, but not in the Americas; wheat and wild pigs existed in the Andes area, but not in Africa or Asia.

Mary

________ leaky an archeologist discovered in what is now known as Tanzania a series of footprints of three such hominid individuals, preserved in cooling volcanic ash 3.5 million years ago.

1788

When the first Europeans arrived in ________, scholars estimated the population of Australia to be around 300, 000 people.

Aboriginals

The emergence of an intricate and sophisticated view of the world, known as the Dreamtime, accompanied ________ 'technological simplicity and traditionalism.

Paleolithic era

The ________ covered over 95 % of the time that human beings have inhabited earth.

Dreamtime

________ told how ancient creatures crisscrossed the country, forming rivers, hills, rocks, and waterholes; how different peoples came to occupy the land; and how they interacted with animals and one another.

Plant domestication

________ in the Americas happened in a variety of areas, similar to the Agricultural Revolution in Africa, including the coastal Andean regions of western South America.

Nomadic

________: Roaming about from place to place aimlessly, frequently, or without a fixed pattern of movement.

human numbers

Farming and raising animals allowed for a substantial increase in ________ and many over centuries.

Early human migration

________ to Australia, estimated to be around 60, 000 years ago, occurred from Indonesia and included another first in human history: the use of boats.

Clovis culture

________ initially appeared approximately 13, 000 years ago and quickly expanded over most of North America.

Paleolithic era

The ________ ended 11, 000 years ago.

Paleolithic era

________ (old stone age): the phase of human history during which these initial migrations.

Bipedalism

The ability to walk upright on two legs