Chapter 13

Gas Exchange represents processes that facilitate and impair the transport of oxygen to tissues and __ from tissues.

carbon dioxide

The right lung has lobes; the left lung has lobes.

3, 2

The primary muscles involved in breathing are the diaphragm and __ muscles.

intercostal

___ is the process of moving gases in and out of the lungs.

Ventilation

The movement of gases from higher to lower concentration across the alveolar-capillary membrane is called __.

Diffusion

The thoracic cage consists of ___ thoracic vertebrae, ___ pairs of ribs, and the sternum.

11, 12

Ribs 1-7 connect to the sternum via __.

costal cartilages

The first rib connects to the sternum via the __.

manubrium

The tip of the xiphoid process is approximately __ cm long.

17

During __, the diaphragm contracts and descends, and intercostals push the chest outward.

inspiration

In COPD, obstructed bronchi increase breathing effort and destruction of __ impairs diffusion.

alveoli

Hypoxemia, dyspnea, activity intolerance, and weight loss are common findings in __.

COPD

The mediastinum contains the heart, aorta arch, and __.

superior vena cava

The __ provides a clue to respiratory distress when a patient is in a tripod position.

posture

Acute cough is defined as cough lasting less than __ weeks.

3

The normal oxygen saturation (SaO2) level ranges from to percent.

95, 100

A cough that lasts more than __ weeks is considered chronic.

8

Pleuritic chest pain is characterized by sharp, __ pain during inspiration.

stabbing

Pink frothy sputum is indicative of __.

pulmonary edema

In the case of hemothorax, __ is present in the pleural space.

blood

___ is a lung condition marked by hyperreactive airways and bronchoconstriction.

Asthma

The accessory muscles can include the sternocleidomastoid, scalenus, and __ muscles.

pectoralis minor

A chronic productive cough for three months over two successive years defines __.

chronic bronchitis

Johh Armstrong needed __ pillows to sleep due to orthopnea.

3

_ should be assessed as part of the health history related to lung problems.

Chronic illnesses

A cough with rusty sputum might indicate __ or pneumococcal pneumonia.

TB

Increased vocal fremitus suggests __.

consolidation

The trachea splits at the __ vertebrae into right and left main-stem bronchi.

T4/T5

A barrel chest is defined by a __ ratio of anteroposterior to lateral chest measurement.

1:1

Dullness on percussion may indicate , pneumonia, or atelectasis.

consolidation

Vesicular breath sounds are typically low pitch and __ over peripheral lung fields.

soft

Shortness of breath while lying flat is referred to as __.

orthopnea

_ can trigger paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, causing patients to awaken with suffocation feeling.

Heart failure

Individuals with long history of smoking may have a higher risk for __.

lung cancer

The normal diaphragm excursion is to cm in healthy individuals.

3, 5

The mediastinum houses the heart and major blood vessels, while the __ cavities contain the lungs.

pleural

Sputum that is yellow/green may indicate __ infections.

bacterial

Inspiration and expiration are types of __.

ventilation

Inspections during a physical examination may reveal __, retractions, and accessory muscle usage in respiratory distress.

nasal flaring

Loss of lung volume can lead to __, which may be seen in a chest X-ray as translucent areas.

atelectasis

Clinical findings of weight loss/malnutrition may indicate __.

COPD.

Referred pain from the chest may involve the __ due to pleuritic pain.

shoulder.

In respiratory health history, document tobacco use in __.

pack-years

The presence of clubbing can be indicative of __ hypoxia.

chronic

Crackles are adventitious lung sounds associated with __.

fluid

Ribs 8-10 connect indirectly to the sternum via __.

superior ribs.

The anterior axillary line marks the boundary of the __ thorax.

lateral.

Documentation for dyspnea may include noting 'word dyspnea' such as __ dyspnea.

three-word.

The upper airway includes the nose, pharynx, __, and trachea.

larynx

Lung cancer often presents with a persistent __ and hemoptysis as key symptoms.

cough

Ribs 11 and 12 are known as __ ribs because they do not attach to the sternum.

floating

Peripheral chemoreceptors detect changes in __ and can affect breathing.

oxygen levels.

Health history would include assessing for __ exposure to hazardous materials.

occupational.

In percussion, a resonant sound indicates healthy lung __.

tissue.