Anatomy Midterm

anatomy

study of th structures in the body

physiology

study of the function of structures in the body

Complementarity of Structure and Function

anatomy and physiology have to be studied together because a structures function depends on its form

Gross Anatomy

large-scale studying of anatomy

Microscopic Anatomy

small-scale studying of anatomy

Regional Anatomy

studies structures in a specific area

Systemic Anatomy

studies structures by the system they are functioning in

order of: Structural Organization

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal

Would we be able to have properly functioning organs without “tissues” in our body?

no tissues are what make up muscle

Can organs of differing tissue structures still work together for a common purpose?

different tissue can still be working to achieve a common purpose

Why is it important for our body to maintain boundaries?

so that the internal environment remains distinct/separate from the external environment

\
Need boundaries protecting our organs to keep them from drying out and losing their function

Metabolism

all chemical reactions that occur within body cells

Catabolism

breaking things down

Anabolism

simpler structures building into more complex

Which two systems are primarily responsible for communicating and maintaining homeostasis in our bodies?

nervous and endocrine

superior

above the hips

inferior

below the hips

anterior

towards the front of the chest

posterior

towards the back of the chest

proximal

closer to the joint

distal

further from the joint

lateral

away from the middle of the body laterally

medial

towards the middle of the body laterally

CHAPTER 2

.

organic compound always have...
what 4 things are included

always have a carbon atom

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

inorganic compounds

do not contain a carbon atom in them

water, salts, and inorganic acids and bases.

Monosaccharides

single chain

Disaccharides

double chain

Polysaccharides

linked simple sugars

great for storage

function of carbs

to provide a ready, easily used source of cellular fuel

Dehydration Synthesis

the creation of larger molecules from smaller monomers where a water molecule is released

Dehydration Hydrolysis

a water molecule is added to each bond that is broken, thereby releasing its building blocks

breaking down similar substances by adding water.

Phospholipid Structure

Has polar heads (hydrophilic) and non polar tails (hydrophobic)

Saturated Fats

solid @ room temp

no double bonds between carbons

Unsaturated Fats

liquid at room temp/fatty acid chains have kinks and can’t solidify

there is a double bond between carbons in one of the fatty acids

6 Functions of Proteins

Structure/support
Enzyme/catylyssis
Transport/moving substances
Contractile/movement
Communication/transporting signals
Defensive/protect against disease

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

CHAPTER 3

functions of integumentary system

protection: to tissues and organs

protection: against infection

maintains temperature

prevents dehydration

disposes of waste

stores: water and fat

receptor: touch, pressure, pain, and heat

parts of integumentary system

hair
skin
nails
nerves
glands
blood vessels

3 layers of the skin

epidermis
dermis
hypodermis

what is the epidermis made up of?

stacked epithelial cells

Keratinocyte

creates the protein, keratin which make sskin tough and water resistant

Melanocyte

produces melanin; the skin's pigment

protects against UV rays and sunburn

How does epidermis get nutrients?

diffusion through the dermis

dermis contains:

connective tissue
blood vessels
glands
hair follicles
nerves

dermis layers

papillary
reticular

papillary layer

contain nerves and blood vessels

help feed dermis

reticular layer

structure: collagen and elastin

helps skin sense pressure and pain

When do scars occur?

when the dermis is damaged

What is a scar?

a formation of disrupted collagen

scar tissue vs. normal tissue

scar tissue does not contain hair nor sweat glands

hypodermis' structure and function

Form: loose connective tissue and fat

Function: insulate and pad

What type of immune cells are in the hypodermis?

macrophages

what is hair?

dead keratinocytes

Hair is everywhere except:

palms, feet soles, lips, and genitalia

hair's purpose:

heat regulation and protection of sun rays

what are nails made of?

keratinocytes

nail's purpose:

protect finger and toe tips

what type of organ is the skin?

sensory

what do nerve endings sense?

pain, heat, cold, and touch

What is Tactile Location?

ability to determine which parts of the skin have been touched

What is receptor adaptation?

touch receptor slowing down their response rate

Sweat glands (A&E)

Apocrine: secrete oil along hair shaft

Eccrine: secretes water and salt (sweat)

sebaceous glands

produces sebum: oil that covers skin/hair

ceruminous glands

produces earwax

how does sweat cool off the body?

the water excreted evaporates > cools down the body

Immune system

skin's first line of defense

Digestive system

skins absorbs vitamin d which helps our body absorb calcium

circulatory system

skin contains blood vessels

Skin cancer

caused by uv radiation

melanoma: cancer in melanocytes

basal cell: occurs in lowest epidermis layer

what causes warts?

HPV

CHAPTER 7

the skull

what bones make up the skull?

cranium and facial

what is the vertebral column?

spine

what is the throacic cage?

rib cage

Appendicular skeleton

bones connecting to the middle of the body; limbs

Axial skeleton

bones in the midline of the body; spine, hips, rib cage

4 bone types

long, short, irregular, flat

7 functions of the bones:
S,P,M,M,B,T, H

support
protection
movement
mineral and growth storage
blood cell formation
triglyceride storage
hormone production

long bones:

longer than they are wide
ex: femur, humorous, radius, tibia

short bones:

cube shaped
ex: wrist and ankle bones

Irregular bones:

complex shapes
ex: hips, vertebrae

Flat bones:

flat
sternum, ribs, skull bones

compact bone:

dense, smooth outer layer of the bone

spongy bone:

honeycomb patterned flat bones; trabeculae

helps bone resist stress

3 cartilage types

hyaline, elastic, fibro

hyaline cartilage:

provides support, flexibility, and resilience
ex: joints, ribs, nose tip

elastic cartilage:

similar to hyaline but contains elastic fibers
ex: external ear and epiglottis

fibrocartilage:

thick collagen fibers
ex: meniscus and vertebral discs

MUSCLE MOVEMENTS

.

During contraction, muscles…

shorten

During relaxation, muscles…

lengthen

1

M line

2

z disc

3

thick filament

4

thin filament

5

i band

6

H zone

7

A band

Which parts (sarcomeres) move during muscle contraction?

blue lines: thin filaments/z lines