Bio94 Midterm II

monophyletic group

a group that includes an ancestor of the group and all of its descendants but no others

cyanobacteria

bacteria that do photosynthesis

What are the 5 ways to catalog prokaryote diversity? Rank efficiency of 3

Enrichment culture (not efficient), Gram Stain (moderately efficient), DNA sequencing (most reliable), Modes of Nutrition, and Shape

Who is Dr. Adam Martiny

a UCI microbial ecologist who studies the distribution of bacteria in the ocean

what shapes are the of prokaryotes?

spherical (coccus), rod shaped (bacilli), and helical

Does gram+ or gram- have more peptidoglycan?

gram+ , this helps the bacteria retain the violet dye

chemoautotrophs

use chemicals as the source of energy that drives the synthesis of organic compounds from CO2

photoautotrophs

use light as the source of energy that drives the synthesis of organic compounds from CO2

symbiosis

relationship in which two species live closely together

example of symbyosis

tube worms and bacteria. Tube worms help the bacteria concentrate the hydrogen sulfide and oxygen, bacteria provide organic carbon to the worms

parasitism

A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is harmed

photoheterotrophs

organisms capable of capturing energy from light via photosynthesis, but also need a source of organic compounds to survive.

chemoheterotrophs

organisms that consume organic compounds for both energy and a carbon source

example of chemoheterotrophs

humans, most prokaryotes, animals, and fungi

synapmorphy

a trait that is present in ancestral species and shared exclusively by its evolutionary descendants

how many subunits are in rna polymerase in bacteria and archaea?

bacteria has 5, archaea has 13

do both bacteria and archaea have peptidoglycan in their cell walls?

no. Just bacteria has peptidoglycan

protists

A eukaryotic organism that cannot be classified as an animal, plant, or fungus.

protists are NOT a ______________ __________

monophyletic group (natural group)

How are bacteria and archaea similar?

binary fission, haploid, circular DNA, unicellular (for the most part)

How do Eukarya differ from Bacteria and Archaea?

Nuclear envelope, mitosis, meiosis, mitochondria, cytoskeleton, linear chromosomes, mostly diploid, unicellular and multicellular

Origin of the nucleus

infolding of outer membrane to form a nuclear membrane

Giardia lamblia

a parasite that has two haploid nuclei, gives insight on origin of nucleus

endosymbiotic theory

hypothesizes that some early eukaryotic cells engulfed prokaryotic cells and kept them instead of ingesting them

examples of the endosymbiotic theory

chloroplasts (has 4 membranes) and mitochondria ( has 2 membranes, one that is bacteria like and one that is eukaryotic like)

endosymbyosis

symbiosis in which one of the symbiotic organisms lives inside the other.

Lynn Margulis

hypothesized the endosymbiotic theory in 1970

parphyletic group

a group that contains some but not all of the descendants from a common ancestor

Foraminifera

One of a group of tiny single-celled organisms that live in surface waters and whose secretions and calcite shells account for most of the ocean's carbonate sediments.

Trypanosomas

euglenids that cause chagas disease and african sleeping sickness

trichonympha

symbionts of termites that digest wood

plasmodium

parasite that causes malaria

Dinoflagellates

causes red tide, mostly unicellular, 50% photoautotrophic, important member of the food chain

algae

Plantlike protists, mostly autotrophic, mostly multicellular

brown algae

aka kelp, multicellular, photosynthetic, alteration of generations, contains chlorophyll 'c' and 'a'

Alteration of Generations

spends time in diploid state and time in haploid state

green algae

photosynthetic, multicellular, ancestor to land plants, alteration of generations, contains chlorophyll 'b' and 'a'

red algae

only contains chlorophyll 'a'

sporophyte

makes spores, does meiosis, it is diploid

gametophyte

makes gametes, does mitosis, is haploid

syngamy

fertilization

Spores are haploid or diploid?

haploid

Gametes are haploid or diploid?

haploid

Zygotes are haploid or diploid?

diploid

What does a developed zygote turn into?

a sporophyte

embroyophytes

embryo bearing plant

what 3 key adaptations did plants undergo to survive on land?

the formation of the waxy cuticle, the stomata, and vascular tissue

land plants

multicellular photosynthetic autotrophic eukaryotes that can survive and reproduce on land

waxy cuticle

layer that helps a plant retain moisture

stomata

pores for gas exchange(CO2 & O2) in some land plants

vascular tissue

transports water and nutrients throughout the body of a plant, additionally provides structural support and helps keep the plant from drying out

what are the four major groups of land plants associated with key innovations?

nonvascular plants, seedless vascular plants, gymnosperms (seeds), angiosperms (flowers)

in liverworts and mosses are gametophytes or sporophytes dominant

gametophytes

in ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms are gametophytes or sporophytes dominant

sporophytes

antheridium

Male reproductive organ in some algae and plants, produces sperm

archegonium

a female structure of a sterile cell that shelters the egg, key to life on land

roots

anchor the plant and take in water and minerals from soil

leaves

aerial portions of the plants, sight of most photosynthesis

shoots

function to support the plant and are also important in transport

xylem

vascular tissue that carries water upward from the roots to every part of a plant, additionally supports the plant against gravity

Pholem

type of vascular tissue that carries nutrients and food to the roots

what are the 2 types of xylem cells

tracheids and vessel elements

tracheids

thin and have tapered ends, cells are perforated at their ends and sides. Form a straw like element so water can travel from the roots to the leaves.

vessels

wide and open ended. Transport water more efficiently

vessels were formed separately due to ___________

homoplasy

what is transpiration cohesion and how does it work?

For xylem to work, plants must first transport water and minerals into the root system toward the center of the root where the xylem is found. Then the water and minerals need to be transported upward. This requires no energy from the plant!

what gets transported in the phloem

sugars, amino acids, hormones, even viruses

what happens to the water once it was transfered by transpiration?

most is lost by evaporation, photosynthesis, and used to make phloem sap

fern life cycle represents a ___________________ life cycle

homosporous

homosporous

refers to plants where a single type of spore develops into a bisexual gamete

heterosporous

plants in which the sporophyte produces two types of spores that differ in size and develop into male or female

what are the 3 major innovations of gymnosperms relative to seedless vascular plants?

reduced size and complexity of gametophytes, shift from motile to non-motile male gametes (removes need for water in fertilization), evolution of the seed

what are the 5 major groups of gymnosperms?

cycadophyta (palm like), gingkophyta (living fossils), pinophyta (pine trees) , cupressophyta (redwoods), gnetophytes

microsporangia

where meiosis occurs to produce male spores

megasporangia

where meiosis occurs to produce female spores

megaspore

female spore

microspore

male spore

ovule

a structure that contains the female gametophyte

pollen

an immature male gametophyte

seed

an embryo surrounded by nutritive tissue and a tough outer shell

seeds consist of

seed coat (2n), food reserves(n), embryo (2n)

perfect flower

flowers that have both male and female parts

why are seeds evolutionary significant

plays an important role in dispersion of plants, seeds can be dormant

angiosperm seeds consist of

seed coat (2n), endosperm (3n), embryo(2n)

Why are angiosperms so successful?

improvements in morphological structures, mature more rapidly, better dispersal mechanisms (fruits & flowers)

double fertilization in angiosperms

One sperm fertilizes the egg, which develops into the embryo; the other sperm fertilizes the polar nuclei, which forms the endosperm.

your professor wants you to construct a phylogenetic tree, and she gives you a set of DNA sequences for 5 species: corn , orchid, sunflower, tomato, and Biston Betularia. Why do you think your professor gave you DNA for Biston betularia?

to serve as an outgroup

___________ organsims are usually effectively treated with penicillin bc _____________.

Gram+; they have abundant peptidoglycan on the outside of their cell walls

which of the following contain only true statements about syphilis and gonorrhea?

the bacterium that causes gonorreha has little amounts of peptidoglycan in the outer most layer of the cell, and the shape of the syphilis bacterium plays a role in the way it effects humans

Radiotrophic fungi can be found growing in highly radioactive environments such as nuclear reactors. There is evidence that they use gamma rays, to generate ATP, but they also require organic compounds for food. What can we say abt their metabolic lifestyle

they are photoheterotrophs

the ___________________ theory is supported by ____________

endosymbyosis; the presence of circular DNA in the mitochondria

differences in eukaryotes and prokaryotes do NOT include

the use of RNA as a messanger

what is the correct series of numbers to complete the equation: __CO2+__H2O+light ---> C6H12O6+__O2+__H2O

6, 12, 6, 6

what makes protists a polyphyletic group?

there isnt a single common ancestor of all protist that is an ancestor to only protists

If a zygote grows to maturity, it is a ________ and it is ________.

Sporophyte, diploid

What is a pollen grain?

male gametophyte

When a mosquito infected with Plasmodium first bites a human, the Plasmodium .

parasites infect liver cells

Biologists claim that vessels are more efficient than tracheids at transporting water. Why does this claim make sense?

Water flows more easily through a wide pipe than through a skinny one because there is less resistance from the walls of the pipe.

Which structure is common to both gymnosperms and angiosperms?

ovule

The term gymnosperm refers to plants _____.

with "naked seeds"