Music - everything

Features of EDM

Simple and repetitive

REVERB/DELAY

Extreme build and drops

Thick layers, loops, samples

POLYPHONIC

Minor key

Synths, samplers, drum machine

FOUR ON THE FLOOR, syncopated hi-hats

120/132bpm

Features of salsa music

Cuba

Call and response

Accented brass

POLYPHONIC

Western chords, major key

Clave, congas, bongos, timbales, trumpet, piano, brass, vocals

Clave pattern, SYNCOPATED

160bpm

Features of Tango music

Argentina

MINOR key, stepwise, call and response

Accented, staccato, SYNCOPATED HABANERA RHYTHM

contrasts

Homophonic

Binary/ternary form

Regular phrasing

Bandoneon, violin, piano, double bass, guitar

Difference between tango and salsa

Salsa is faster and has and percussion

Film

BRASS FANFARE for heroic

Minor key for evil

Baroque composers

Bach

Vivaldi

Handel

Baroque orchestral instrumentation

Small

No clarinet

Sometimes recorder

Organ

oboe

harpsichord

Baroque features

Basso continuo - cello and harpsichord (usually)

Clear articulation

Terraced dynamics

Polyphonic and contrapuntal

Binary (AB), ternary(ABA), ritornello(ABACADA)

Functional harmony

Absolute music

Ornamentation

Contrapuntal

Common features in the opening of the ritornello section

Played by the entire orchestra

In the tonic key

Return (A) played in different keys

Concertos baroque

Solo concerto - 1 soloist

Concerto grosso - Group of soloists (concertino) and an accompanying orchestra (ripieno)

Classical composers

Mozart, Haydn, Beethoven

Classical instrumentation

Larger than baroque

Clarinets

Percussion

Timpani

piano

Bass drum, snare drum, triangle, cymbals

Classical features

Balanced 4 or 8 bar phrases

Question and answer (antiphony)

Imitation

Homophonic

Sonata form

Minuet and trio

Theme and variations

FUNCTIONAL HARMONY

regular patterns

Diatonic

ALBERTI BASS

Sonata form

(Introduction)

Exposition

• First subject (a,b)

• Second subject (a,b) - Relative major/minor or dominant

Development

• Based on existing key - any key

Recapitulation

• Goes over exposition (home key)

• Second subject (home key)

• Finishes in tonic

(coda)

Ending

Romantic composers

Chopin, Tchaikovsky, Brahms, Liszt, Schumann

Romantic instrumentation

Large

Cor anglais, bass clarinet, piccolo

Tuba

Valves

Tuned percussion

Features of romantic music

Rubato, lyrical and expressive, extreme range, thick texture (sometimes polyphony) free, chromatic and dissonance, large orchestra, mostly homophonic

Choral music choirs

Mixed voice choir (soprano, alto, tenor, bass)

Male voice choir

Female voice choir

Children’s choir

Features of choral music

Homophony, polyphony

Humming, atonality, dissonance, functional harmony

Features of art songs

Voice and accompaniment ONLY

VOCALISING - singing without words

Rubato

Dissonance

Word painting

Melody dominated homophony

Forms of art songs

Strophic: verse only

Through composed: no repetition

Features of musical theatre

Singsprechen - sing talking

Dance breaks

Word setting

BRASS/band and classical instruments

Small orchestra

Features of pop

Hook and catchy melody

Verse-chorus structure

4/4 metre

Intro and outro

What does the pre-chorus do?

Builds tension and anticipation before main chorus and acts as a bridge between verse and chorus

Features of Indian muisic

Raga scale

Texture: melody and DRONE

What are the sections of Indian music?

Alap - when the solo instrument plays the notes of the raga. Improvised and metrically free. No tabla. Only raga and drone

gat- some fixed phrases but improvisation still present. Fixed sense of pulse. lots of improvisation. tabla also enters

jhala- tala framework/rhythmic cycle. most exciting section of the piece

Describe the sitar

Melodic instrument

Sympathetic vibrations

Pitch bends

Plucked guitar looking intstrument

Moveable frets

Moveable strings for pitch bends

Describe the tabla

Percussion

Fixed composition of rhythm

Pair of drums

Describe the bansuri

Melodic instrument

Flute like (blown)

Mellow/wholesome tone and reedy

Describe the sarangi

Bowed instrument

Short neck

Sympathetic strings

Describe the tanpura

Looks like a sitar

Drone

Gourd

Describe the sruti box

Drone

Features of the silk and bamboo ensemble

Heptatonic scale: pentatonic

Heterophonic texture

Banyan metrical structure (duple or quadruble)

Two types: Jiangnan Sizu, Guangdong

Where is silk and bamboo played?

Tea shops

Describe the dizi

Bamboo flute

Blown over instead of into

Holes instead of keys

Airy sound (tss tss)

Describe the sheng

Mouth organ

Gourd

Pitchy/sharp noice

More than one note at a time

Describe the erhu

Two stringed bowed fiddle

Fretless

Played vertically

Mellow sound

Describe the pipa

Pear shaped lute

Fretted

Plucked

Describe the yangqin

Trapezoidal shaped hammer dulcimer

Hit with two bamboo beaters

Describe the guzheng

Chinese zither

Plucked with finger picks

Pitch bends

Describe the Arab Takt Ensemble

Maqam scale

Secular

Four melodic instruments and percussion instrument

Accompaniment or on its own

Monophonic OR heterophonic

Describe the ud

Pear shaped lute with unfretted neck

Played with plectrum

Rounded back and flat face

Pitch bends

Chords

Funny guitar sound

Describe the violin in the Arab takht ensemble

Replaced the Kaman

Pitch bends

Frequent ornamentation

Articulation is legato

Uses entire bow

Describe the Qanun

Trapezoidal zither

Placed on performers lap

Plucked by plectrum

Sounds like a harsh harp and harpsichord hybrid

Describe the Nay

End blown flute

Sounds like recorder

Describe the Riqq

Tambourine with 5 sets of cymbals

What is the rhythm of the Arab Takht ensemble?

Iqa