Lymph, Immunity, Cancer

A comprehensive set of vocabulary-style flashcards covering key terms related to the lymphatic system, immunity, and cancer from the provided lecture notes.

function of lymphatic system

prevents edema; absorbs dietary fats; immune cell activation

pathogens - evaluate in lymph nodes; kills in lymphatic organs; notifies white blood cells

how does it prevent edema?

returns interstitial fluid to the circulatory system

interstitial fluid

fluid between cells

lymphatic capillaries

smallest lymphatic vessels; collects extra interstitial fluid

lymphatic vessels

merged from capillaries; merge into trunks

lymphatic trunks

large lymphatic vessels; send fluid into two major ducts, drains back into circ system thru lymph nodes

names of lymphatic ducts?

right lymphatic and thoracic

right lymphatic duct

drains lymph into the right subclavian vein

thoracic duct

drains lymph into the left subclavian vein

afferent lymphatic vessels

lymphatic vessels entering a lymph node.

efferent lymphatic vessels

lymphatic vessels leaving a lymph node.

lymph node

small capsules containing many WBC (t cells and b cells, macrophages)

lymphocytes

white blood cells in lymph nodes (T cells and B cells) fight pathogens and alert other WBC

T cells

directly engages w/ cells (cell-mediated response)

B cells

produces antibodies to fight pathogens

macrophages

WBC - called monocytes before they left the bloodstream

how is lymph fluid processed?

fluid comes in, gets checked out, cleaned up, leaves to circulatory system

exact path of lymph fluid?

lymphatic capillaries → afferent lymph vessels → lymph nodes → efferent lymph vessels → lymphatic trunks →  right lymph duct and thoracic duct → right/left subclavian veins

red bone marrow

produces white blood cells

Peyer’s patches

patches of lymph tissue in small intestine

lacteals

intestinal lymphatic capillaries that absorbs dietary fats

appendix

hangs from part of large intestine; contains lymph tissue

spleen

lays next to stomach; kills pathogens in bloodstream, digests old RBC

thymus gland

above heart; helps mature t-cells from bone marrow

tonsils and adenoids

kill pathogens that want to enter resp through throat and nasal

innate defenses

defenses that you are born with

immune response

cells remember pathogen; quickly attacks before pathogens make really sick

3 names - adaptive, specific, immune

primary immune response

body's initial response to a new pathogen

secondary immune response

rapid, strong response to re-exposure to same pathogen

humoral immune response

secretion of antibodies by B cells

b cells release antibodies into blood to fight pathogens/infection outside cell (bodily fluids)

memory T cells and memory b cells

lymphocytes that remember pathogen in case it comes again

antigens

molecules on surface of pathogen cell membranes; recognized by memory cells/communicate w/ WBC

antibodies

immunoglobins. proteins released by B cells; cause the death of pathogens

cell-mediated response

t cells directly engages to kill pathogens/infected cells using perforin

perforin

chemical from T cells that damages cell membrane

naturally acquired active immunity

naturally get sick from a live pathogen, fight it off and remember forever

artificially acquired active immunity

from vaccine with dead or weakened pathogens.

naturally acquired passive immunity

antibodies passed from mother to baby (pregnancy, breastfeeding).

artificially acquired passive immunity

temporary antibodies given by another person for short-term protection

generalized inflammatory response

brings WBC to site of infection

allergic reaction

hypersensitive response to normally harmless substance

anaphylaxis

severe allergic reaction with hives, bronchial constriction and low bp; might cause anoxia

anoxia

loss of oxygen in tissues

autoimmune disorders

body makes antibodies against self-antigens, mistaking own cells for pathogen

immune (root)

resistance to infection by specific antigen

ankylosing spondylitis

inflammation of joints of spinal column, pelvis, and btwn ribs/vertebra

crohns

inflammation of digestive tract wall

hemolytic anemia

destruction of RBC

multiple sclerosis

destruction of myelin sheath of nerve cells that surround brain/spinal cord

myelin sheath

fatty covering

psoriasis

plaques on surface of skin

RA

inflammation affecting joints/other organs (ex. eyes and heart)

systemic lupus erythematosus

chronic inflammation of multiple organs

type 1 diabetes

destruction of insulin producing cells in pancreas

immunodeficiency disorder

weakened response of immune system to pathogens

inherited immune deficiency

passed down in genetic code

acquired immune deficiency

infection caused them (HIV - causes AIDS)

lymphadenitis

swollen glands (inflammation of lymph nodes)

lymphedema

abnormal accumulation of lymph fluid in tissues; can be primary (inherited) or secondary (damage)

neoplasm

abnormal cell growth; also called a tumor.

splenomegaly

abnormally enlarged spleen

caused by blood disorders; infections; cancer; injury etc.

splenorrhagia

heavy bleeding from ruptured spleen.

lymphoma

cancer starting in lymphatic tissue.

allergy testing

done to determine cause of person’s allergic reactions; through blood or skin

bioimpedance spectroscopy

measures resistance of electrical current passing thru limb to eval levels of lymph fluids

lumpectomy

surgery remove lump of cancer tissue w/ a margin of normal tissue surrounding it 

mastectomy

breast and nipple removal

radiation therapy

use high energy waves/particles to destroy cancerous cells

brachytherapy

placement of radioactive materials in direct contact w/ tissues (radioactive implants)

teletherapy

uses machine for radiation

antiangiogenesis

treatment for cancer - disrupts forming blood vessels/damages existing ones

antibiotics

meds used to stop development/growth of abnormal/cancerous cells

antineoplastic

medications stopping cancer cell growth or development.

antiviral medications

meds that interfere w/ reproduction of viruses

immunosuppressant

med that prevent/inhibits body’s normal immune response

interferon therapy

Treatment using glycoproteins boosting immune response against cancer or viruses.

biopsy

Removal of tissue sample for microscopic examination.

needle biopsy

needle into tissue; w/draw fluid or cells

brush biopsy

brushing organ w/ instrument

cone biopsy

Surgical removal of a cone-shaped tissue piece, often from cervix.

sentinel node biopsy

surgically removing lymph nodes closest to cancer site to check for spread

shave biopsy

removing shallow layer of skin

ELISA

Blood test screening for HIV antibodies

lymphoscintigraphy

dx test - radioactive material to view lymph nodes/vessels, determine which ones affected by cancer

MRI

Magnetic resonance imaging; radio waves/strong magnetic field to create imgs of internal organs/tissues

mammography

radiographic exam of breast to screen for breast cancer

compression therapy

use of pressure on limb to reduce swelling by moving lymph fluid to heart

interferon therapy

uses glycoproteins against cancer and viral infections

sign

visible/observed signs of illness

symptom

subjective feeling/experience of illness

staging

classifying cancer by size, spread, and treatment response potential

0 - very small area of breast 1 - moved beyond 2 - increased, moved to at least 1 lymph node. 3 - cervical lymph, 4-9 axillary, skin, chest wall. 4 - invasive; spread to other organs