Studied by 17 people
Gas Exchange
The movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the bloodstream and the alveoli (alternatively, between the capillaries and cells)
Breathing
The process of taking air in (inhalation) and out of the lungs (exhalation)
Cellular Respiration
Process in a cell that converts glucose and oxygen to create energy
(carbon dioxide and water are also given off)
Alveoli
Small air sacs where gas exchange occurs in the lungs
Artery
A blood vessel that carries mostly oxygenated blood away from the heart
Vein
A blood vessel that carries mostly deoxygenated blood towards the heart
Capillary
Very thin blood vessel that allows for passage of water, oxygen, nutrients, waste products between the bloodstream and cells
Red Blood Cell
A cell in the blood that carries oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body
White Blood Cell
Cells found in blood that help defend it from infection such as bacteria and viruses
Pulmonary
Relating to the lungs. E.g. Pulmonary artery carries blood to the lungs
DNA
The molecule that carries the genetic instructions
Chromosome
Threadlike structures that contain long lengths of DNA that holds many genes.
Gene
Section of a chromosome that codes for one trait e.g. eye colour
Allele
The different forms of a gene e.g. blue eyes
Gamete
A sex cell
Fertilisation
The fusion of two gametes
Zygote
A fertilised egg cell
Embryo
A ball of cells formed from the zygote by cell division.
Foetus
An unborn or unhatched offspring that has developed beyond an embryo.
Meiosis
The type of cell division that gametes are made by.
Mitosis
The type of cell division that body cells are made by.
Sexual reproduction
Reproduction that involves two individuals contributing genetically to offspring.
Variation
The differences (in DNA) of individuals in a population/species
Genotype
The alleles an individual has for a trait
Phenotype
The physical expression of the gene
Homozygous
Genotype with two of the same alleles
Heterozygous
Genotype with one dominant and one recessive allele
Natural Selection
The process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring.
Chemical change
When a new substance forms during a chemical reaction due to bond breaking and forming.
Physical change
A change of state, between solid, liquid or gas, or a change of shape and no new substance is formed.
Atom
Smallest complete particle of matter.
Atomic number
Number of protons inside the nucleus of an atom.
Proton
The positively charged subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom
Electron
The negatively charged subatomic particle, found in the orbitals surrounding the nucleus.
Ion
An atom or molecule that has gained or lost electrons and now has a positive or negative charge.
Valence shell
The outermost electron orbital of an atom
Ionic bonding
An electrostatic force of attraction between cations and anions
Covalent bonding
A shared pair of electrons between two or more non-metal elements.
Valence electron
The electron(s) found in the outermost electron shell of atoms or ions.
Electron arrangement /configuration
A shorthand notation which symbolises the number of electrons in each electron shell for an atom or ion.
Diatomic element
Two atoms of the same element held together by a covalent bond. eg Br 2 , Cl 2
Acid
A substance that donates H + ions to water.
Alkali
A soluble base.
Base
A substance that accepts H + ions from water (forms OH - ions).
Concentration
The measure of the amount of dissolved solute in a given volume of solvent measured in gL -1 .
Red litmus
An indicator that turns blue in a basic solution
Blue Litmus
An indicator that turns red in an acidic solution
Universal indicator
Indicator that gives an indication of the pH of a solution
pH scale
0 – 14 scale of the concentration of H + ions.
0 = high concentration of H + ions and low concentration of OH - ions
7 = same concentrations of H + and OH - ions
14 = high concentration OH - ions and low concentration of H + ions
Reaction: acid + base
When an acid reacts with a base, the products are a salt and water.
Limewater
A solution that turns cloudy white when carbon dioxide is bubbled through it
Pop test
A test for the presence of hydrogen gas
Force
A push or pull on an object that can cause a change in speed, direction or shape measured in Newtons (N)
Contact force
Force between two objects that are touching e.g. friction
Non-contact force
Force between two objects that are not touching e.g. gravity
Resultant force
(net force)
The overall force acting on an object.
Friction
Force that always acts to oppose motion or attempted motion.
Air resistance
(drag)
Friction force caused when an object moves through air
Average speed
The rate of change of distance travelled OR how fast you change your distance
travelled in a certain amount of time (m/s or ms -1 )
Acceleration
The rate of change of speed OR how fast you change your speed in a certain
amount of time. (m/s 2 or ms -2 )
Weight
The downward force caused by gravity on an object, measured in Newtons (N).
Mass
The amount of matter that makes up an object, measured in kilograms (kg).
Series circuit
Circuit where current flows through all components in one pathway.
Parallel circuit
Circuit where current flows through more than one pathway through components.
Fuse
A thin piece of wire that will melt when the current increases above a certain level. A safety component in a circuit.
Circuit breaker
An automatic switch that stops the flow of electric current in a suddenly overloaded electric circuit.
Current
The rate of flow of electrical charge, measured in amperes (A)
Voltage
The electrical potential energy per unit charge, measured in Volts (V). Also known as potential difference.
Resistance
The measure of how much a material reduces the flow of current through it. Measured in Ohms (Ω)
Power
The energy transformed per second by a component in a circuit, measured in Watts (W) and calculated using P = I x V
Note 
Flashcard (88)