module 2: Body Structure, Oncology, Lab Tests

The Cell

Basic unit of life

cyt/o

cell

-cyte

cell

-logy

study of

-genic

pertaining to, producing, causing

-oid

resembles

Outer cell membrane

surrounds and contains the cytoplasm

cytoplasm

substance in body of the cell

nucleus

• center of cell

• contains chromosomes for cellular reproduction

• control center and energy production

kary/o

nucleus

karyocyte

any cell with a nucleus

karyoplasm

substance of nucleus

human cell nucleus

46 chromosomes

mature sex cells

23 chromosomes

genes

several thousand smaller regions in each chromosomes

DNA

genetic material that regulates the cell’s activites

genome

complete set of genes for all cells in an organism

genomics

study of genome and its products and interactions

medical genomics

study genomes role in the cause, treatment, and prevention of disease

gene therapy

therapeutic procedure

genes are introduced into human body cells

• gene repair, gene suppression, gene addition

tissue

similar cells grouped together to perform a specific function

hist/o

tissue

types of tissue in body:

• epithelial

• conective

• muscle (my/o)

• nerve tissue (neur/o)

connective tissue

sarc/o

-connects, supports, penetrates, encases, various body structures

ex: fat tissue (lip/o) bone (osse/o)

adipose osseous

epithelial tissue

epitheli/o

forms membranes that line body cavities and organs, and is the primary tissue in gland

-al

pertaining to

organ

organ/o

two or more specialized tissue combine to form an organ

system

system/o

a group of organs that work together form body systems

body

somat/o

systemic

a disease that affects the body as a whole

somatic

anything that pertains to the body itself

Body cavities

• cranial

• spinal

• thoracic

• abdominal

• pelvic

cranial cavity

space in skull (cranium) that holds the brain

spinal cavity

spinal column

thoracic cavity

chest

• heart, aorta, lungs, esophagus, trachea, bronchi, mediastinal area

abdominal cavity

• stomach, intestines, kidneys, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, ureters

pelvic cavity

• urinary bladder, reproductive organs, large/small intestines,rectum

chrom/o

color

xanth/o

yellow

erythrocytes

red blood cells

leukocytes

white blood cells

leuk/o

white

carcinoma

cancerous tumor

melan/o

black

melanoma

black tumor

melanocarcinoma

if black tumor is known to be cancerous or malignant

cyan/o

blue

cyanosis

abnormal condition of bluish hue of skin caused by inadequate supply of oxygen in blood

first step in diagnosing a disease

examine body for signs and symptoms

sign

objective info / physical examination

ex : change in skin color

symptoms

subjective evidence / what patient feels

ex: pain or nausea

diagnosis

abbreviation : Dx

state of complete or thorough knowledge

dia-

through or complete

gno/o

knowledge

-sis

state of

pathology

study of body changes caused by disease

path/o

disease

oncologist

specialist in study of tumor

onc/o

tumor or mass

-genic

producing, originating, or causing

somatogenic

symptoms that originate in body

ex: weight loss

-gen

substance that produces or causes

carcinogenic

cancer-causing substance

carcin/o

cancer

eti/o

cause (of disease)

etiology

study of the cuases of diseases

idi/o

cause is unknown

idiopathic

the cause of the disease is unknown

dysplasia

abnormal cell development

-plasia

condition of formation, development, growth

dys-

abnormal, difficult, labored, painful

hypoplasia

incomplete development

hyperplasia

development of excessive number of cells

hyper-

above or excessive

metaplasia

change in development of normal tissue cells from the expected type into another type

meta-

after, beyond, changed

neoplasm

new growth

neo-

new

-plasm

growth, substance, formation

-osis

abnormal condition