Body Coordination Pearson 9 Chapter 7

Artery

a blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart

Vein

blood vessel that carries blood back to the heart

Capillary

the narrowest type of blood vessel; capillaries reach nearly every cell of the body

Haemoglobin

the pigment that gives red blood cells their colour

Oxygenated

blood rich in oxygen

Deoxygenated

blood with very little oxygen and lots of carbon dioxide

Endothermic

able to maintain a constant body temperature

Ectothermic

animals that rely on environmental temperature to regulate body temperature. Ectothermic animals have a body temperature similar to that of their surroundings

Central nervous system

the brain and spinal cord.

Peripheral nervous system

the nerves that carry messages to and from the central nervous system and other parts of the body

Hormone

chemical substances that act as messengers in the body

Receptor

a specialised cell that detects stimuli (changes)

Neuron

a nerve cell

Sensory neuron

nerve cells that carry messages from cells in the sense organs to the CNS

Effectors

muscles or glands that put the messages into effect

Reflex action

quick, automatic actions that protect the body from danger; also known as reflexes

Pituary gland

produces the hormones-

• human growth hormone (HGH), which controls cell growth and development

• antidiuretic hormone (ADH), which controls water balance. Also stimulates other glands to release their hormones.

Pancreas

produces the hormones insulin and glucagon which both control blood glucose levels.

Adrenal

produces the hormone adrenalin in readiness for flight or fight.

Ovaries (in females)

produce the hormones-

• oestrogen, which controls female sexual development and the menstrual cycle

• progesterone, which controls the ovary and uterus in pregnancy

Testes (in males)

produce the hormone testosterone which controls male sexual development and sexual activity.

Thyroid

produces the hormone thyroxin which controls the rate of chemical reactions in cells

heart diagram

digestive system

to convert the energy in food into energy and nutrients that can be used by the cells in the body

respiratory system

takes air and extracts oxygen. also gets rid of carbon dioxide

circulatory system

transports oxygen, nutrients and hormones to your body's cells to use for energy, growth and repair. Your circulatory system also removes carbon dioxide and other wastes your cells do not need.

nervous system

The nervous system is a communication network that controls all the other systems of your body. The human nervous system is made up of two main parts-

.Central nervous system (CNS). This is made up of your brain and spinal cord. The CNC receives information from all over the body, processes that information and then sends out messages telling the body how to respond.

.Peripheral nervous system(PNS). This is made up of the nerves that carry messages to and from the CNS and other parts of the body.

endocrine system

The endocrine system controls the internal environment of your body. It is made up of a network of glands in your body that produce hormones.

excretory system

getting rid of wastes that your own body has made. defecation is food waste

brain

made of 3 parts: cerebellum, cerebrum and medulla. brain and spinal cord protected by layer called meninges. also contains cerebrospinal fluid which is shock absorber

the cerebrum

It is in here that the higher intellectual functions take place. It controls conscious thoughts and the intentional movement of body parts .

the cerebellum

responsible for co-ordination and balance.

the medulla

(lower part of the brain stem) controls the body’s vital functions such as breathing, blood pressure and heart rate.