CSMP A-level geography

What is the difference between a space and a place?

Both have an objective location.

However a place has many human activities there and people attach subjective meaning to it.

In contrast a space has no social connections and is unfamiliar to most people

Why is it complex when trying the concept of space versus place? 3 reasons

• Different to different people: one person might think it is a place but another thinks of it as a space.

• A location can change from a space to a place (and visa vera) over time.

• The meaning attached to places is different for individuals

What is the difference between a space and a place?

Both have an objective location.

However a place has many human activities there and people attach subjective meaning to it.

In contrast a space has no social connections and is unfamiliar to most people

Why is it complex when trying the concept of space versus place? 3 reasons

• Different to different people: one person might think it is a place but another thinks of it as a space.

• A location can change from a space to a place (and visa vera) over time.

• The meaning attached to places is different for individuals

'Perceptions of place' is the way in which a place is viewed or regarded by people based on their identity.

What are the six factors we learnt can affect sense of place?

Role Age Gender Ethnicity Religion Sexuality

How does emotional attachment to place can influence a persons behaviour and activities there? 3 answers

• They will visit more frequently

• They will take part in more community activities

• They will look after the natural environment.

How the processes of globalisation and time-space compression can influence our sense of place? 4 ideas

1. It has created a 'GLOBAL VILLAGE' - everywhere is the same which makes new places feel familiar.

2. It has increased migration and made places more DIVERSE.

3. Created CLONE TOWNS and eroded sense of place.

4. Some people feel like OUTSIDERS in their own town as it has changed.

Define "informal representations" of a place.

Why might they present a place in different ways?

Informal data = media e.g. news, books, social media, photos.

These may present the same place in different ways because they are all SUBJETIVE representations of place. They may be manipulated for a particular purpose

How are formal representations of a place, different to informal representations? 4 differences.

1. Formal representations are statistics not media (OBJECTIVE not subjective)

2. Formal representations are from a set time 'TIME STAMPED', informal are not.

3. Formal representations are GEOLOCATED - we know exactly where the data is collected.

4. Formal representations do not tell us about HUMAN EXPERIENCE and what it is like to live somewhere.

Define "place identity" and the 6 characteristics that make it up.

"Place Identity" (also referred to as "Place Profile") is a description of a place based on a combination of its characteristics. These are:

1. Built environment

2. Natural environment

3. Socio economic characteristics of residents

4. Demographic characteristics of residents

5. Cultural characteristics of residents 6.Political characteristics of residents

What are your two case studies of contrasting place profiles at a local scale?

· Aspley - an inner city area of Huddersfield

· Threlkeld - a village in the Lake District.

Aspley's built environment has changed over time. Describe how at least one building has changed. Multiple possible answers

1. A coal hopper at Aspley Marina is now a Premiere Inn.

2. Derelict terraced houses are now modern student apartments

3. There are now new university buildings such as the Oastler building

4. An old church is now a carpet shop called Aspley Carpets.

Describe the natural environment of Aspley. For each feature, why was it important in Aspley

· The Broad and Narrow Canal - used to transport raw materials for textile industry.

· The River Colne - soft water to wash wool

· Close to natural resources eg coalfields in S Yorkshire, Sheep in villages.

Aspley is relatively deprived with residents having low incomes. What % have no vehicle?

58%

Aspley is multicultural. What % of he population are white?

63%

Aspley has a youthful population with few elderly people. What % of Aspley residents are students?

28% (or roughly 1/4)

Which political party do most residents of Aspley support?

Labour

Threlkeld's built environment has changed over time. Describe how at least one building has changed. Multiple possible answers

· Threlkeld granite quarry and lead mine is now Threlkeld Quarrying and Mining museum

· The TB sanitorium is now a field studies centre

· Terraced houses for farm workers are now holiday cottages

Describe the natural environment of Threlkeld. For each feature, why was it important in Threlkeld.

• Lead, zinc & granite - started mining industry

•Blencathra mountain - attracts walkers and tourists

Threlkeld is relatively wealthy with residents having higher incomes. What % have no vehicle?

13% don't own a car

Threlkeld has a elderly population. What % of Threlkeld residents are over 65?

28% (or over 1/4) of pop)

What percent of homes in Threlkeld are second homes?

26%

Threlkeld is not multicultural. What % are white?

97%

Which political party do most residents of Threlkeld support?

Conservative

Define global shift

the relocation of manufacturing across the globe

Define structural economic change

A change in a countries employment structure (% of people in primary secondary and tertiary jobs)

How long did the Sri Lankan Civil war last? Who was it between? When did it end?

• 26 years

• Sinalese people v Tamil people

• 2009

What is the Gini coefficient in Sri Lanka

0.39

Define Social inequality

where there are differences in opportunities and rewards for different groups of people

What is the Gini Coefficient?

It measures income distribution. A place is given a value between 0 - 1. The greater the value the more inequality there is. Anything above 0.4 is considered sever income inequality.

Social inequality can be measured through indices what are they?

housing, healthcare, education, employment access to services.

What is IMD?

Index of multiple deprivation A measure of inequality published by the UK government It ranks all of the 32,844 Lower Super Output areas (LSOAs) from 1 (most deprived) to 32,844 (least deprived

What is HDI?

Human Development index. A measure of how developed a country is. It ranks countries from 0 (lowest level of development) to 1 (highest level of development). Based on 3 factors - GDP, life expectancy and literacy rate.

Name a wealthy place and a deprived place in Sri Lanka

Weathly - Colombo - capital city with industry and ports on the East coast Deprived - Batticaloa - a rural region in the N E heavily affected by civil war.

Name 3 things that governments can do to reduce social inequality

-Progressive taxation - Wealthier pay a larger proportion of their incomes in tax.

• Subsidies - eg fee school meals, free child care, welfare payments. -Laws - Stopping discrimination on racial, ethnic, gender and age etc. Minimum wage -Education - Schools but also training programmes eg initiatives improve personal health -Planning e.g. upgrading of council housing and services in the poorest areas.

Give 3 reasons why Batticaloa is more deprived than Colombo?

• More people employed in agriculture Colombo = 2% whereas Batticaloa = 25%

• Civil war destroyed homes, closed schools and caused people to leave

• Flooding from the boxing day Tsunami destroyed farm land

• There is less industry in Batticaloa, less tertiary jobs and more informal employment

Evidence of social inequality between Colombo and Batticaloa can be evidenced by the mean household income. What is the mean household income in Batticalo and Colombo?

Colombo 105,000 rupees Batticaloa 40,000 rupees

Name 3 things the government of Sri Lanka is doing to reduce inequality

Prosperity Programme - spent 43 billion rupees helping 1.4 million families out of poverty eg food stamps and loans

Rebuilt infrastructure destroyed during war eg roads

Opened schools and hospitals closed during the war

There is inequality in the capital city Colombo. What is the gini coefficient of Colombo?

0.46

Name a scheme to reduce inequality in Colombo. How did it help?

Sahaspura - clearing a USS and building new flats for residents.

It reduced inequality because people owned their flats and with a legal address they could enrol their children in school.

The flats had electricity and clean running water improving health ability to earn money.

In Colombo, name a more and less deprived place.

More deprived = Under Served Settlements such as Gothamipura Less deprived = Cinnamon Gardens

What is a player?

A player is a person, group of people, organisation or government who have an interest/influence in a particular change in an area, development or business

What is the difference between a public and private player?

· Public players are those seeking economic development to improve social welfare

· Whereas private players whose primary aim is to generate money to make a profit on their investment.

In 2009 the civil war in Sri Lanka had just finished and the country was behind in it's economic development.

Describe the ENVIRONMENTAL characteristics of the country in 2009

Options:

• Traffic congestion and air pollution in cities

• 50% of Colombo lived in Under served settlements

• Civil war had destroyed infrastructure in the North and East of the country

In 2009 the civil war in Sri Lanka had just finished and the country was behind in it's economic development.

Describe the CULTURAL characteristics of the country in 2009.

• Tensions between the Sinhalese government and the Tamils (minority ethnic group

In 2009 the civil war in Sri Lanka had just finished and the country was behind in it's economic development.

Describe the DEMOGRAPHIC characteristics of the country in 2009.

Aging population - lots of elderly people who needed social support

In 2009 the civil war in Sri Lanka had just finished and the country was behind in it's economic development.

Describe the SOCIO-ECONOMIC characteristics of the country in 2009

Options:

• GDP per capita only US$2000 per person

• Mainly primary sector jobs (46%) Economy relied too heavily on cash crops eg tea, rubber and coconuts

• Lack of FDI (Foreign Direct investment) Similar countries had become 'Asian tigers'. Sri Lnaka had been left behind

Nestle was a player that helped Sri Lanka develop economically.

How many jobs did it create and what sort of jobs were they?

1,200 jobs is a factory in a factory (secondary sector jobs) in Kurunegala

Nestle was a player that helped Sri Lanka develop economically.

How did it improve the lives of local farmers?

· Launched the Dairy development programme, providing training for 3000 dairy farmers

· In 2016 Nestle paid local farmers £28million for procuring raw materials

Nestle was a player that helped Sri Lanka develop economically.

However name a limitation of their impact.

· Investment is mainly focussed around Kurunegala - not nationally.

· Nestle are a TNC that wants to maximise their own profits to go back to headquarters in Switzerland

The Sri Lankan government was a player that helped Sri Lanka develop economically.

How many jobs did it create and what sort of jobs were they?

· Aimed to create 3 million jobs.

· Focused on infrastructure programmes (eg Hambantota port and airports)

The Sri Lankan government was a player that helped Sri Lanka develop economically.

What was the government's vision and what was its strategy

· The Govt manifesto was called 'Mahinda Chintana' (translated to 'Vision for the Future') launched in 2005 Aims to grow the knowledge economy and attract tech driven FDI by developing infrastructure

The Colombo Municipal council was a player that helped Sri Lanka develop economically.

What was the name of their housing scheme and how would it help?

· Sahaspura

· With legal deeds to their home, they could enrol children at school, With a better education they could do more skilled jobs in the future . · If residents had better living conditions they would be healthier and able to increase their income

The Sri Lankan Goverment was a player that helped Sri Lanka develop economically.

However name a limitation of their impact.

· Can't afford the costs needed foreign loans, such as from the ADB. These loans will add to Sri Lanka's debt.

The Colombo Municipal council was a player that helped Sri Lanka develop economically.

However name a limitation of their impact.

· The rents in Sahapura flats were too expensive for many. Also they only housed families when X lived in USSS.

The Asian development bank was a player that helped Sri Lanka develop economically,

How much many did the ADB lend Sri Lanka?

• The ADB have leant Sri Lanka $9.7bn in loans since 1986

The Asian development bank was a player that helped Sri Lanka develop economically,

How did the ADB help the Sri Lankan economy develop?

• The money was focused on rural areas e.g.

• Funded training of >30,000 teachers

• Built & improved >630 km of roads & highways

The Asian development bank was a player that helped Sri Lanka develop economically.

However name a limitation of their impact.

The money was all in loans which had to be paid back, putting the country in debt.

Structural economic change improved the Sri Lankan Economy. By how much did the GDP per capita of Sri Lanka increase between 2009 and 2018?

It doubled from approx. US$ 2000 - $4000 per person.

Define place making

Placemaking is a multi-faceted approach to the planning, design and management of public spaces.

Place making has people at the heart of it and so place making purely for economic gain is not possible as placemaking is about how the environment and society would benefit too

What role do governments play in placemaking?

They are responsible for promoting places in order to attract investment from TNCs.

What role do architects and planners play in placemaking?

They design buildings and places that are attractive and meet the needs of the communities who use them

What role do community groups play in placemaking?

• work to represent the voices of the community

Placemaking involves the 3 x Rs. What are they and what do they mean?

Reimaging - attempting to change the view of the area held by outsiders

Regeneration - investment of money into an area to reverse urban decline

Rebranding - involves both of the above - "Constructing a different place meaning in order to be more attractive to inward investment"

There are many rebranding strategies. What is market led rebranding?

Involves private investors (businesses) investing in an area with the aim to make a profit. This investment can lead to gentrification of an area

There are many rebranding strategies. What are flagship developments?

Prestigious developments aimed at attracting investors, and showcasing the economic development of an area

There are many rebranding strategies. What is 'top down' rebranding?

When large-scale organisations such as local authorities and planners make decisions about how to improve an area

Give 3 reasons why Colombo, the capital of Sri Lanka needed rebranding?

Options:

• Sprawling USS around the city centre​

• Traffic congestion & poor air quality

• Poor waste management​

• Historic buildings are rundown, lack of planning control​

• Flooding -city centre on floodplain of Kelani River

• Commercial environment is out of date and unattractive to investors

One strategy used to rebrand Colombo was to improve the environmental quality.

Which player did this and what did they do?

• Metro Colombo Urban Development project (MCUDP) ie Colombo Council

• Reduced flood risk using multiple strategies e.g. clearing canals and improving drainage pipes with the aim of making the city more attractive to investors.

One strategy used to rebrand Colombo was to Resettlement people living in Under Served Settlements

Which player did this and what did they do?

• The Government

• Planned 20 sites around the city e.g. Sahaspura​

• Clearing the USS 'smartened up' the city giving more developed image to outsiders. It also freed up land commercial redevelopment

One strategy used to rebrand Colombo was to improve the business district. Which player did this and what did they do?

• The Sri Lankan Ports Authority (part of the government), with funding from China Communications Constructions Company (CCCC).

• Reclaimed 250ha of land from the sea to build 'a new city within a city Create an image of a modern high tech city to attract private investors