Foundations, History, and Frameworks of Occupational Therapy

What are occupations defined as?

Everyday personalized activities that people do to occupy time and bring meaning and purpose to life.

What is the role of occupation in therapy?

Occupation is utilized as both the means (method of treatment) and the end (goal of intervention) to enable participation.

What is Occupational Science (OS)?

A basic social science dedicated to building knowledge regarding what people do, informing applied science in occupational therapy.

What are the four primary focuses of Occupational Science?

Substrates, form, function, and meaning.

What is translational science in the context of Occupational Science?

A research framework used to turn basic OS knowledge into practical OT interventions and public health strategies.

What philosophical movement influenced the foundations of Occupational Therapy?

The Moral Treatment movement, which emphasized humane treatment and purposeful activity for the 'insane'.

Who is John Locke and what is his contribution to Occupational Therapy?

A physician and philosopher who advanced ideas of sensory learning and pragmatism, influencing OT's focus on learning through 'doing'.

What did Philippe Pinel advocate for in the late 18th century?

Structured, individualized occupation-based treatment in asylums to replace physical restraints.

What is the significance of William Tuke in Occupational Therapy?

He founded the York Retreat, using leisure and work to help patients develop self-control and self-esteem.

What was Adolf Meyer known for in the context of Occupational Therapy?

He introduced a holistic view of health requiring a balance of work, rest, play, and sleep.

What did Jane Addams co-found and how did it influence Occupational Therapy?

Hull House in Chicago, which used arts and crafts to improve life for the poor and immigrants, influencing Eleanor Clarke Slagle.

What significant shift occurred in therapy during the Era of the Founders (1900-1919)?

The shift from the passive 'rest cure' to the 'work cure', utilizing handicrafts to treat chronic illness.

Who was George Edward Barton?

An architect who found healing through the 'work cure' and served as the first president of the occupational therapy society.

What is Eleanor Clarke Slagle known for?

Developing 'Habit Training' and being a tireless advocate and leader in Occupational Therapy.

What was the role of Susan Tracy in Occupational Therapy?

She wrote the first OT textbook, focusing on the 'work cure' approach.

What was the impact of World War I on Occupational Therapy?

It led to the recognition of the need for vocational reeducation and rehabilitation for wounded soldiers.

What was the significance of the period 1920-1939 for Occupational Therapy?

The profession sought legitimacy by allying with organized medicine and the accreditation of OT programs.

Who was Frank H. Krusen and what was his influence on Occupational Therapy?

A leader in physical medicine who believed OT should merge with physical therapy, influencing the move toward medical rehabilitation.

What major development occurred in Occupational Therapy during World War II?

A shift toward rehabilitation medicine based on scientific methods and the creation of the Occupational Therapy Assistant (OTA) role.

Who was Winfred Kahmann?

The first woman and registered occupational therapist to serve as AOTA president in 1947.

Who were the editors of the first comprehensive US OT textbook?

Helen Willard & Clare Spackman

What did Berta & Karel Bobath develop?

Neurodevelopmental Treatment (NDT)

What is the focus of Neurodevelopmental Treatment (NDT)?

To stimulate motor control through sensory links.

Who is known for developing facilitation and inhibition techniques in OT?

Margaret Rood

What significant shift occurred in OT from 1960 to present?

Reclaiming OT's holistic roots and the rise of Occupational Science.

What did Mary Reilly contribute to OT in the 1960s?

Evolved the 'Occupational Behavior' frame.

What theory did A. Jean Ayres develop?

Sensory Integration (SI)

What is the purpose of the SIPT assessments?

To assess children with perceptual-motor issues.

Who developed the Model of Human Occupation (MOHO)?

Gary Kielhofner

What did Elizabeth Yerxa advocate for in the 1980s?

For OT to become an autonomous science-based discipline.

What concept did Ann Wilcock & Elizabeth Townsend propose?

Occupational Justice.

What is the definition of a theory in the context of practice?

A set of ideas or principles that explain mechanisms and relationships within a phenomenon.

What are propositions in theory?

Formal 'if/then' statements about cause and effect that are falsifiable.

What is a Model of Practice (MOP)?

A systematic representation that guides clinical thinking and organizes practice.

What does a Frame of Reference (FOR) provide?

Specific strategies for assessment or intervention targeting performance issues.

What is the Ecology of Human Performance (EHP)?

A model emphasizing the transaction of occupational performance and context.

What is the core concept of the Performance Range in EHP?

It represents the scope of tasks available based on internal skills and environmental supports.

What does the Person-Environment-Occupation (PEO) model emphasize?

The dynamic transaction between Person, Environment, and Occupation.

What does the Person-Environment-Occupational-Performance (PEOP) model differentiate?

Intrinsic factors (within the person) and extrinsic factors (environment).

What is unique about the Canadian Model (CMOP-E)?

It places spirituality at the core of the person, defining it as the 'essence of the person.'

What are the elements of Volition in the Model of Human Occupation (MOHO)?

Motivation and choice, including Personal Causation, Values, and Interests.

What does Habituation refer to in MOHO?

The process of organizing actions into patterns and routines governed by Habits and Roles.

What is Performance Capacity in occupational therapy?

The objective physical and mental components required for doing, along with the subjective Lived Body experience.

What are the three levels of Doing in the MOHO framework?

Participation, Performance, and Skill.

What drives change in the Model of Human Occupation (MOHO)?

Occupational engagement, which involves the client's doing, thinking, and feeling under specific conditions.

What are the three types of change in MOHO?

Incremental, transformational, and catastrophic.

What are the six steps in the MOHO therapeutic reasoning cycle?

1. Generate questions; 2. Gather information; 3. Create a theory-based explanation; 4. Set measurable goals; 5. Implement and monitor therapy; 6. Assess outcomes.

What does the Theory of Occupational Adaptation (OA) define adaptation as?

An internal, normative human process resulting from engagement in occupation.

What are the Constants in the Theory of Occupational Adaptation?

The Person's desire for mastery, the Occupational Environment's demand for mastery, and the Interaction creating the Press for Mastery.

What is the Adaptive Response Mechanism?

A mechanism activated when challenged, utilizing Adaptation Energy and Adaptive Response Modes.

What is Relative Mastery?

Success rated by effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction to self and others.

What are the eight aspirational Core Values in the 2025 Code of Ethics?

Altruism, Equality, Freedom, Justice, Dignity, Truth (Veracity), Prudence, and Advocacy.

What does Beneficence mean in the context of ethics?

Concern for the well-being and safety of persons (doing good).

What is Nonmaleficence?

Refraining from actions that cause harm.

What is the 6-step decision-making process for ethical dilemmas?

1. Recognize the question; 2. Gather data; 3. Formulate a moral diagnosis; 4. Problem-solve alternatives; 5. Act; 6. Evaluate results.

What is Occupational Justice?

Recognition of occupational rights to inclusive participation in everyday occupations for all.

What are the three levels of injustices addressed by Occupational Justice?

Micro (interpersonal), Meso (organizational), and Macro (systemic).

What are the eight facets of Professional Reasoning?

Scientific, Narrative, Pragmatic, Ethical, Interactive, Conditional, and others.

What is the difference between Routine Experts and Adaptive Experts?

Routine Experts master procedures but may miss anomalies, while Adaptive Experts have flexible mental models and use outcome data to adjust their skills.

What is the Intentional Relationship Model (IRM) used for?

To manage interpersonal modes such as Advocating, Collaborating, Empathizing, Encouraging, Instructing, and Problem-Solving.

What is the OTPF-4?

The Occupational Therapy Practice Framework that defines the profession's domain and process.

What does AOTA stand for?

American Occupational Therapy Association, responsible for practice standards and ethics.

What is the role of NBCOT?

The National Board for Certification in Occupational Therapy, which develops and administers the certification exam.

What is the SOAP format used for in documentation?

A legal record format that includes Subjective, Objective, Assessment, and Plan.

What is the role of an Occupational Therapy Assistant (OTA)?

To deliver services under and in partnership with the Occupational Therapist (OT).