ENVS110 - Introduction to Town and Country Planning - Lecture One Review

Flashcards covering the module introduction, assessment details, historical context of town and country planning, the impact of the Industrial Revolution, and early sanitary legislation in Britain.

What are the main topics covered in 'Part Two' of Lecture One?

The origins of the city and the changing city in the 19th Century, including the impact of the industrial revolution and early sanitary/housing legislation.

What characterized the 'industrial revolution' from the late 18th to mid-19th century?

Rising per-capita productivity brought about by investment in new technology, new scales and methods of production, and expanding markets.

What is a 'basic' industry, and what are some examples?

Basic industries are primary industries like extractive industries (mining), manufacturing, or transportation.

What is a 'non-basic' industry, and how did it grow during the Industrial Revolution?

Non-basic industries service the needs of basic industries and their workers (e.g., accountancy, education, food services); as urban populations grew due to basic industries, the demand for these services increased.

What was a significant consequence of economic expansion during the Industrial Revolution regarding social class and city centers?

It led to the growth of a 'middle class' with surplus income, which expanded city centers into shopping areas and saw the rise of department stores.

How did the growth of cities during the Industrial Revolution affect middle and working classes spatially?

The middle class became increasingly geographically segregated from the working class, leading to the development of distinct residential areas.

Which was the first municipal park in Britain, and what was its significance?

Birkenhead Park, designed by Joseph Paxton in 1847, served as a model for Central Park in New York.

What impact did railways have on urban land use?

Railways led to new land uses around stations, such as hotels, retail, warehousing, and maintenance depots, often requiring the demolition of existing dwellings (e.g., St Pancras Station).

Who mapped London poverty in 1889, and what was a key feature of his maps?

Charles Booth published 'Maps Descriptive of London Poverty', where street frontages were color-coded according to social conditions (e.g., Black for 'Lowest class', Yellow for 'Upper-middle and Upper classes').

What factors inhibited the improvement of poor working-class housing conditions?

Market conditions and 'laissez-faire' economics, limited political and legal power of the working class, official and middle-class ignorance of living conditions, and inadequacies of local government.

What was the significance of the 1846 Liverpool Sanitary Act?

It led to the appointment of Britain's First Medical Officer of Health, Dr. Duncan.

What powers did the 1848 Public Health Act grant Borough Councils and Local Boards of Health?

Powers over street cleaning, sewerage, paving, water supply, and building by-laws.

What did the 1851 Labouring Classes Lodging Houses Act permit, and where were Europe's first 'Council Homes' built under this act?

It permitted Local Boards of Health and Borough Councils to build 'lodging houses for artisans' (council housing), with the first being St Martins Cottages in Liverpool in 1868.

What was the primary purpose of the 1875 Artisans and Labourers Dwellings Improvement Act (Cross Act)?

It permitted local authorities to prepare 'area improvement' schemes, though it sometimes led to the displacement of existing tenants.

What was the impact of the 1875 Public Health (Consolidating) Act on housing?

It led to the creation of 'by-law housing' by private developers due to strict building by-laws regarding space standards, street layout, paving, water supply, and sanitation.

What improvements did the 1890 Housing of the Working Classes Act bring?

It improved slum clearance powers and permitted council housing at a cost to local public funds (subsidy).

How did emerging urban public transport networks in the late 19th Century impact cities?

They spread land values, reduced urban density, and generally improved housing and sanitary conditions.